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① 艾薇儿的介绍

Avril Ramona Lavigne was born in Napanee, Ontario, to parents Judy and John on September 27th, 1984. She was the middle child. She has a brother names Matthew who's 19 years old and a younger sister Michelle, 14. But she was always the feisty one and spent most of her school years getting into trubble. Even as a teen at Napanee District High School, despite being one of the smallest in her class (5''1'), she was always getting into scrapes. "I got into lots of fights," she admits. "If someone was picking on one of my friends, I'd go bithc them out. I wasn't a fighter, but I don't take any crap. Avril's strong character meant shewasn't always popular with her classmates. "The funny thing is," she smiles "people used to be intimidated by me. I don't know why. It's weird - the group you hang out with and the clothes you wear can scare people. My teachers hated me because I never did my work and never paid attention in class." But itwasn't just Avril's teachers who were angry with her, trouble at school made her parents mad, which meant she was always grounded. "I was rebellious towards my parents, but we're cool now," Avril reveals. "I was always in trouble. I was never allowed to do anything after school so I'd go to my room and write." And that's where Avril's musicwas born, being grounded gave her the time (and inspiration) to write her first album, Let Go.

Avril had been into music since the age of 2, performing in localmusicals, village fairs and, thanks to devout Christian family, at church. Until theage of 12 she'd just been a singer, but she decided she wanted more. So she taught herself to play guitar, andfound a new way of making her parents proud, too. "I taught myself on my dad's guitar," she says. "I started writing lines here and there and they grew into songs. I did it on my own, but my parents supported me," she smiles.

It wasn't long before Avril had her first taste of fame. At the age of 14, singing contest in Canada's capital, Ottawa. She won and appeared on stage as part of her prize (alongside Shania Twain in front of 10.000 people.) It was then that she knew that she could do it, she knew she had something special, so she started to chase her dream. Determinded to be a star, Avril sent a home video of herself singing karaoke to Peter Zizzo, an American songwriter/procer. He was so impressed he invited the ambitious 16 year old on a songwriting trip to New York. Everyone loved her and she was immediately signed to Arista Records, kome of Pink and Usher. Avril's dream was coming true, so she dropped out of school and moved to New York to work on her debut album. But living the dream was scarier than tough- kid Avril had thought. "The city is nuts. It was crazy learning subway on my way to the studio every day," she says, "But I was glad to be doing something proctive." After a year working hard Avril had finished her first album, Let Go. "My lyrics are honest and I write about whatever happens to me," she says. "my song Losing Grip means a lot to me, it's about my ex-boyfriend. We weren't meeting on a emotional level and he wasn't giving me what I needed. I can still play the same songs and get mad and get my anger out. It's therapeutic and I hope I can help others in a similar situation." But it wasn't all plain- rocking. Avril'sfeisty self-belief caused problems, too. "I worked with a ton of people, and fought with most of them," she explains. "I'd go on writing trips, meets lots of musicians and write one song and be like, 'Screw this. I'm not working with that person.' Sometimes, just because of my age, they didn't want to hear what I had to say. I probably just gave them attitude if they weren't listening. I'm a little fighter and I stand up for what I believe."

Avril also ran into trouble because she refused to be manufactured by the record company. As she'd said all along, she just wanted to be herself. So she refused to do what she told to say, or even wear. "I'm not a ****ing proct, I'm a human. There are times when I go to photoshoots and there are racks of clothes and I'mlike 'No I'm not wearing any of that," Avril says. "People try to get me to wear high-heeled shoes and cute little shirts and I'm like 'No! It's tempting, girls like to look pretty, but I'm not like that. It's really important that, when I'm on camera I dress and act the way I normally would. I just want to be myself. I don't want to act like someone I'm not.I want the world to know who I really am. I'm sick of people being fake, and two-faced."

The great thing is, despite her success, fame hasn't changed Avril at all. "I just think that the way people treat me sometimes is just, like, weird". "It's like they think I'm made up of plastic or something. I was walking down the hall one time, and this guy was yelling 'Move out ofmy way',at everyoneso I could walk through. I was like, ****ing shut up! I don't deserve to be treated any more special than other people." So, forget Jenny from the block, this is one down-to-earth girl who'll still be keeping it real when she's on her 10th album. And Avril's determinded to stick around for a long time. "I want a very long career.I'm only 18 so I'm growing and becoming who I am, and I change all the time. But I want to be around for a while yet and make tons of different albums."

艾薇拉莫娜拉维涅出生在Napanee ,安大略,家长朱迪和约翰对1984年9月27日。她是中东儿童。她有一个弟弟的名字马修谁是19岁和一个妹妹米歇尔, 14 。但她始终是一个活跃的大部分时间都在她的学校里进入trubble 。即使是一个十几岁的孩子在Napanee区高中,尽管其中一个最小的在她的课堂( 5''1 ' ) ,她总是进入擦伤。 “我到很多打斗, ”她承认。 “如果有人拣取的我的一个朋友,我会去bithc出来。我不是一个斗士,但我不采取任何废话。艾薇强烈性质意味着shewasn't一直深受同学日。 ”有趣的是, “她微笑着”以人用于所吓倒我。我不知道为什么。这是奇怪的-你航集团与和你穿的衣服可以吓唬人。我的老师恨我,因为我从来没有和我的工作从来没有注意在课堂上。 “但itwasn't公正艾薇的老师谁是她的愤怒,麻烦了她在学校的父母疯了,这意味着她总是停飞。 ”我很叛逆对我的父母,但我们冷静现在, “艾薇揭示。 ”我总是遇到麻烦。我从来没有做任何事情让放学后,所以我会去看我的房间和写字。 “而且,艾薇儿的musicwas诞生,给了她被停飞的时间(和灵感)写她的第一张专辑,放手。

艾薇儿已经进入音乐自2岁,表演的localmusicals ,乡村集市,由于虔诚的基督徒家庭,在教堂。直到theage 12只希望她是一个歌手,但她决定,她希望更多。于是,她发挥自己教吉他, andfound一种新的方式,使她的父母感到自豪,也。 “我告诉自己我的父亲的吉他, ”她说。 “我开始写作系在这里和那里,他们成长为歌曲。我做到了我自己,但我的父母支持我, ”她笑着说。

不久以后,艾薇儿,她首次尝试了名声。在14岁,歌唱大赛,在加拿大首都渥太华。她的胜利,并在舞台上出现的一部分,她的奖金(仙妮亚唐恩并肩前的10.000人。 )正是在这时,她知道,她能做到这一点,她知道她有什么特别,所以她开始追逐自己的梦想。测定是一个明星,艾薇儿发出了一个家庭视频自己唱卡拉OK ,以彼得Zizzo ,美国作曲家/制作人。他留下了深刻的印象,他邀请了雄心勃勃的16岁的创作前往纽约。每个人都喜欢她,她立即签署阿里斯塔记录,科梅的粉红色和亚瑟。艾薇儿的梦想,是未来真正的,所以她辍学和移居纽约的工作对她的首张专辑。但是,生活的梦想是可怕比强硬的孩子艾薇以为。 “这座城市是坚果。有人疯狂学习地铁站的路上到演播室每天, ”她说, “但我高兴的是做一些有益的。 ”经过一年努力艾薇完成了她的第一张专辑,放手。 “我的歌词是诚实的,我写的无论发生什么情况,我, ”她说。 “我的歌失去了抓地力意味着很多对我来说,这是我的前男友。我们并没有情感上的水平和他没有给我什么我需要。我仍然可以发挥同样的歌曲,并获得恼我愤怒了。它的治疗,我希望我能帮助其他有类似情况。 “但是,并非所有的纯摇摆。 Avril'sfeisty自信造成的问题,也。 “我与一吨的人民,和战斗与他们当中的绝大多数, ”她解释说。 “我希望去书面旅游,满足许多音乐家和写一首歌曲,并想, '螺杆这一点。我没有与该人。有时候,只是因为我的年龄,他们不想听听我的话。我也许只是给了他们的态度,如果他们不听。我是一个小战士,我站起来为我所相信。 “

艾薇儿也陷入困境,因为她拒绝被制造的唱片公司。正如她说,一直以来,她只是想成为自己。因此,她拒绝做她告诉说,甚至磨损。 “我不是一个****化产品,我一个人。有些时候我去photoshoots有衣架的衣服和I'mlike '没有我不穿任何说: ”艾薇儿说。 “人们试图让我穿高跟鞋和可爱的小衬衫,我就像'不!这是诱人的,女孩要漂亮,但我不是这样的。这是真正重要的是,当我相机我穿着和行为的方式我通常会。我只是想将我自己。我不想再有人像我not.I希望世界知道是谁我真的。我生病的人被假冒,两个面。 “

伟大的事情是,尽管她的成功,成名并没有改变艾薇所有。 “我只是认为,人的方式对待我有时只是像,奇怪的” 。 “这就像他们认为,我是由塑料或东西。我是走在大厅一时间,这个家伙是大叫'走出ofmy方式' ,在everyoneso我可以穿过。我想, *** *法闭嘴!我不应该得到任何特殊待遇比其他人。 “所以,忘记珍妮从块,这是一个脚踏实地的女孩谁还会在保持真正当她对她的第十张专辑。和艾薇儿的测定,要坚持了很长一段时间。 “我想了很长career.I '只有18米,使我成长,并成为我是谁,我改变所有的时间。但我想大约有一段时间没有作出吨不同的相册。

② 旋也女装什么档次

关于你所询问的玄野女装是什么档次的问题,应该说属于一个中等档次的服装品牌,具体的你可以从一些个大型的服装网站上进行查询它的价格

③ 一首女声的英文歌,曲调和《斯卡布罗集市》有点像,主旋律也是四句。听起来像是深夜中的呼唤

On my course family from coaching basket ball yesterday, I was listening to WGN; my favorite talk radio station out of Chicago. I could tell at once that there was something erroneous by the somber mood of the speaker. There had been a airplane break. Two small planes collided into each other over a northern outskirts of Chicago. What made the story buffet near to home was that Bob Collins, the morn show male for WGN,Replica Louis Vuitton Women, was the pilot of one of the planes and had been killed. (I'm sure that many readers have tuned in "Uncle Bobby" on their car radios in the Midwest.) Later that night, as I made my 40 minute steer to my third shift job, I listened as the station recalled and paid tribute to a man who was loved by many. They told fable after story, describing him as the ultimate friend, and a man who had lived life to the fullest. Genuine love and admiration gushed in from bring an end to ...the country. The more I listened about how this man had influenced those approximately him, the more discouraged I became. Why you ask? I was discouraged for I wanted to know why we as a culture, wait until someone has passed away before we tell them how much we love them? Why do we wait until someone's ears can't hear before we let them how much they mean to us? Why do we wait until it is too late before we recollection the good qualities of a person? Why do we create someone up later they have gone into eternity? What good does it do then! We share memories after memory, as we smile,Fashion Handbags Store, call, and consider behind about what was affirmative in a person's life. Yes, it does assist us cope with the sadness of losing someone that was special to us. And yes it does send those who are coping, closer attach. But as we lovingly remember this person, our words fall short of the ears that most needed to hear them. Just once I would favor apt see a festival of life,women gucci handbags, instead of a gathering of death. A party where stories are told, eyes blur over, laughter rings out; and as the spokesman concludes his alternatively her loving tribute, the human they are honoring rises from their seat and gives them the biggest bear embrace! Wouldn't that be something! The special person gets to listen the stories and come to the realization namely they have made a inconsistency above this world. And always this is done well ahead they quit their mundane bodies and work into eternity. And while the unavoidable funeral finally comes, we can say nice goodbye with the knowledge that they understood accurate how people felt about them when they were here on earth. I immediately have a stronger decide to tell those around me how many they mean to me. I am going to let my wife know just how loved and appreciated she is, not merely by my words, but likewise by my actions. I am going to play Batman with my four year age more often,Miu miu handbags, and in the medium of our romping, I am going to grab him, hug him tightly, and tell him how grateful I am that he is my son. I am going to prowl into my slumbering toddler's bedroom, place my lip on his chubby audacity, and thank God for the parcel of delight he has brought into my life. Each day I will make a point to tell either of my boys how many I love them, if they are four or eighteen! From there, I am going to let home and friends know the colossal clash they have had on my life. And final but not fewest, I am going to let the lofty ecate players I adviser know thatI look inward to each and each minute that I get to cost with them in the gym. Do you love someone? Then differentiate them! Has someone been one inspire in your life? Then give them a cry! Has someone made a difference in your life? Then write them a letter or bring them an email! Don't let dissimilar day go by without letting that person know. There is something special about a written letter that expresses feelings of love towards another. I don't know about you, yet I have letters and cards from people that I have saved for years, and from time to time, I obtain them out and reread them. They can rotate a recing day into one where you fulfil just how blessed and loved you are. Life is too short to leave variety words unsaid. The words you say,cheap hermes handbags, or the letter you write, might just make all the difference in the world.

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④ 介绍古埃及的英语小短文。初一 最好是关于拉美西斯二世的(当然也可以其他),生单词可以有,但不要太

Ramses built more than any other pharaoh of ancient Egypt. During his reign he realized an incredible number of temples, buildings, statues and obelisks. Why did he do it? Mainly to show his power through great architectural works and to glorify his status of a living god. To reach his aim he didn’t hesitate in taking possession of more ancient monuments. He restored some of them and put on the cartouche with his name, or he enclosed them inside greater constructions built by him. Other ones, then, were dismantled and used as “depositis” of raw material to be used again in new architectural works. Even Chefren’s pyramid (Giza) paid the costs, from it whole blocks of granite were taken to build the base of Ptah’s Great Temple in Menfi. Even the style chosen by Ramses was used to praise his greatness: in the temples, for example, the statues of colossal sizes and the columns richly decorated with hieroglyphics a stylized drawings, were multiplied beyond measure. The walls of the temples and of the buildings, full of sacred and war representations, had to celebrate the divinities and the sovereign’s undertakings. Ramses himself went to the building sites and often he went to the quarries to choose the most beautiful stones. Some inscriptions, as the ones on the Stele of the VIII year (today in the Museum in Cairo), report words of incitement and of praise by the pharaoh to the workers. He cared a lot about them, making sure they never lacked food, clothes, sandals and abundant fresh water, so all of them could work without discomfort. Among the great projects that Ramses realized there was the one of a new capital, that would equal the pomp of the other two great crucial centers in Egypt: menfi and Tebe. Pi-Ramses (Ramses’s house) that’s how he called it, was a reality already in the fifth year of his reign and the pharaoh moved there his residence. The city was in ancient Avaris, in the oriental delta of the Nile, a place dear to him because there already was his father’s, Sethi I, summer residence. But almost certainly the choice of the place had other purposes. “It was his family’s cradle and this was certainly the main reason. But there were also military and strategic reasons for the construction of Pi-Ramses. It was in fact on the eastern border, an area that had to be controlled because exposed to the danger of continuous invasions; moreover it was an important commercial point that connected the Egyptian world to the Asian one”. The new capital was very rich. The fields were luxuriant and proctive, the rivers full of fish and the deposits full of food. The population was made of people from various areas of the reign as Libya, Nubia, Canaan and Amurru. There were many prisoners of war, but the relations with the Egyptians were peaceful and all were prosper in those places. The glory of Pi-Ramses was obscured only when the sovereigns of the XXI dynasty, more than a century after Ramses’s death, decided to move the capital to Tanis and to give it splendor, they ravaged many buildings of the city.
译文:
拉美西斯兴建比任何其他的古埃及法老的。他在位期间,他实现了令人难以置信的庙宇数量,建筑物,雕塑和方尖碑。他为什么这样做?主要是通过优秀的建筑作品显示他的权力和荣耀的神,他的生活状态。为了达到自己的目的,他毫不犹豫地采取更多的古迹占有。他恢复了其中一些,放在他的名字,他见盒内或由他建造更大的建筑他们的螺旋状图案。其他的,然后被拆除,是“depositis原料”以前是用于新建筑作品了。即使Chefren的金字塔(吉萨)支付从它的成本,整体的花岗岩块被带到建设的卜塔的大寺院在门菲基地。即使是由拉美西斯选择风格是用来赞美他的伟大之处:在庙宇,例如,巨大的规模和列的雕像刻有象形文字一个性格描绘,是无法衡量的乘积。该寺庙的墙壁和建筑物,神圣和战争交涉,不得不庆祝神灵和主权的承诺充分。拉美西斯亲自到工地和他经常去采石场选择最美丽的石头。如在开罗博物馆对第八年(今碑的碑文一些),字的报告,并通过向煽动工人法老的好评。他关心的许多信息,并确保他们从不缺少食物,衣服,凉鞋和丰富的新鲜水,所以他们都可以工作,没有不适。其中拉美西斯意识到这是一个有新的资本之一,这将等于其他两个伟大的埃及重要中心盛况:门菲和手部的伟大工程。丕拉姆西斯(拉美西斯的家)这就是他所谓的它,已经在他在位十五年和法老的现实,他搬到那里居住。这座城市在古阿瓦利斯在尼罗河,给他一个亲爱的东方三角洲的地方,因为那里已经是他的父亲,塞西我,夏天的住所。但几乎可以肯定这个地方的选择有其他用途。 “这是他家的摇篮,这是肯定的主要原因。但也有一些军事和战略的丕拉姆西斯建设理由。这实际上是在东部边境,这方面必须加以控制,因为暴露在不断入侵的危险性;而且这是一个重要的商业点,连接埃及的世界亚洲“之一。新的资本很丰富。田野郁郁葱葱的生产,河流充满了鱼,食物全部存款。人口是由人从作为利比亚,努比亚,迦南和Amurru统治的各个领域。战争有许多犯人,但与埃及人的关系是和平与繁荣都是在这些地方。该丕拉姆西斯荣耀模糊只有在第21王朝的君主,比拉美西斯后死亡多世纪,决定迁都至塔尼斯,并给予它的辉煌,他们破坏了城市的许多建筑物。

⑤ surealso旋也女装在网上可以买到吗

咨询记录 · 回答于2021-09-27

⑥ 女装有什么好的品牌

常见的女装品牌有:

以杭州、广州、深圳、上海为主导,定位国内外知名的一二线品牌女装,兼容汇聚了温派(温州).汉派(武汉).京派(北京)相同层次的服装品牌,且产品涵盖春、夏、秋、冬应时应季女装,高端类(凡释,注释,诗丹尼,LVK) 大牌类广州卡 丽 娅服饰这些都有 (欧家货,玛斯菲尔,太平鸟,芭蒂娜,哥弟,艾格,芭蒂娜,梵凯,三宅一生)单品(巴宝莉,依蒙涟,凯奇呢大衣,欧米加,维丝娅水貂绒,西兰汀貂绒,时尚9度,丝巾。

⑦ They were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire

他们也很确定:并非是烟头导致了这场火灾。
that
a
cigarette
end
did
not
start
the
fire是宾语从句,修饰sure

⑧ 要英文演讲了。题目是教别人中文。给份大概的演讲稿。中文稿也行。

好不容易才找到的资料,你要看看哟,其中有你想要的信息,是分点慨扩出来的

浅谈中西交际用语的差异
中文摘要
随着我国社会经济的发展,国际间的交流与合作日益密切。不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。而语言便是进行跨文化交际最基本、也是最重要的媒介。因此,作为一名外语学习者,在语言学习的同时,也必须充分了解这种语言所承载的文化。语言与文化关系密切,这已是不可置疑的事实。语言是文化的载体,学习一门外语的过程,也是了解对象国文化背景知识的过程。掌握对象国文化背景知识的程度直接影响到一个人的语言知识的使用能力,是能否得体地运用语言的前提。本文从语言与文化的关系入手,通过简要分析中西方日常交际用语的差异,从中揭示出中西方文化的差异。阐明语言学习即文化学习,强调注重中西方文化差异的重要性,并介绍了几种了解英语国家背景文化知识的途径。
关键词:跨文化交际,语言与文化,中西方文化差异,克服交际障碍

On Differences of Communicative Expressions Between Chinese and Western
Abstract
With the development of our country’s economy, international exchange and cooperation becomes closer and closer. The process of communication in which people in different cultural backgrounds are engaged is Intercultural Communication. And language is the most basic and important media to intercultural communication. Therefore, as a foreign language learner we should fully understand the culture of the language. It is unquestionable that the relationship between language and culture is very close. Language is the carrier of culture. The process of learning a foreign language is also the process of understanding this country’s culture. The degree of mastering this country’s cultural background knowledge influences directly one’s capability of using the language. It is the premise of using the language properly. This paper talks about the relationship between language and culture. Then it reveals differences between the Chinese and Western culture by analyzing the differences of everyday expressions between the Chinese and Westerners. It clarifies that language learning means culture learning and emphasizes the importance of paying attention to this cultural difference. It also recommends several ways to know the culture background of English countries.
Key words: intercultural communication, language and culture, cultural differences between the Chinese and Westerners, overcoming the obstacles in communication

一、引言
近几年来,随着中国改革开放的不断深入发展特别是加入WTO后,同其他国家的交往也日趋频繁,人们开始重视与不同国家、民族之间的经济文化交流。而不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程,就是跨文化交际。(胡文仲,1999)各民族文化有其产生的土壤,发展的历史和群体认同的现状。不同的地理环境,不同的历史背景决定了不同的文化现状。不同的文化现状意味着不同的风俗习惯,不同的行为准则。在中国人和西方人之就存在着一道看不见摸不着的文化屏障,这道屏障导致跨文化交际者无法在交际中正确地译码,使交际出现障碍。
语言作为跨文化交际的重要媒介,与文化有着十分密切的关系。美国语言学家罗萨莉·马焦在其文章 Bias-Free Language: Some Guidelines谈到: “Culture shapes language and then language shapes culture.”(“语言既塑造文化,又被文化所塑造。”)[1](P91) 语言是文化的一个重要组成部分,是文化的载体,并对文化起着重要作用。语言的形成、发展和变化又受文化的影响。一方面,语言是文化的基石--没有语言,就没有文化。另一方面,语言受文化的影响,又反映文化。“透过一个民族的语言层面,展现在眼前的乃是这个民族绚丽多姿的文化形态,及该民族对人生的想法、思维方式、生活方式。由于文化具有鲜明的民族性,不同的民族的文化自然会迥然不同。这种文化形态上的差异不可避免地会呈现在语言上。” [2](P82-83) 同时,文化又制约着语言的形式,不断将自己的精髓注入到语言之中,丰富和更新着语言的文化内涵,使语言变得更加精确、缜密。总之,语言与文化相互依存,密不可分。由于语言的产生和发展,人类文化才得以产生和传承。世界上不存在脱离语言的文化,也不存在脱离特定文化背景和内涵的语言。学习语言必须学习文化,反之亦然。

二、中西方日常交际谈话中用语的差异
中西方(尤指中国与英美国家)使用两种不同的语言——汉语和英语,它们各有反映着本身独特的文化背景和凝重的历史传统,因而在语言表达上也存在着许多差异。在此着重讨论,中西方语言交际中最常见的生活用语的差异。
(一) 称呼用语的差异
正常交际的首要条件是正确、得体地称呼对方。得体的称呼可使双方缩小心理距离,使交际顺利进行。在中西文化中,因其语言表达方式的不同,而使其在称呼用语上存在较大差异。
首先要注意的是:中西方姓名的排列顺序不同。“中国人的称呼以“姓”居首位,而英美人则以“名”居首位。”[3](P30) 因而中国人称呼西方人时常常会不知不觉地用西方人的“姓”而非用他们的“名”来称呼他们。如在看到Jim Green这个姓名时,可能将其称呼为“Green” 或 “Mr. Jim”西方人听了这样的称呼就会感到不舒服,应该是“Jim”或 “Mr. Green ” 才是正确的。
在日常交际中,中国人比较注重礼节,一般先称呼后讲话。根据对方的身份及其与自己的关系亲疏以及场合的不同,使用不同的亲属称谓和社会称谓。其称呼注重敬意。但是在西方,人们追求平等、亲近的人际关系,不管是在正式还是非正式场合,都喜欢用名字称呼别人(如:Tom, Joy, Peter等)。这种做法在美国人中尤为普遍,甚至初次见面就可用名字称呼,不仅年龄相近的人之间这样称呼,年龄悬殊的人之间也可以这样称呼,一点儿也没有不尊重的意思,甚至子女对自己的祖父母、父母也可以用名字称呼,社会地位不同的人之间也这样称呼,如学生对老师、雇员对上司,老师和上司并不认为是对自己的不尊重或太随便,相反认为自己待人友好、容易亲近。由此可以看出,“中国人习惯于非对等式的称呼类型,而西方人崇尚对等式的称呼方式。” [4](P53)
“中国人称呼家庭成员、亲属或邻居时,都可以使用亲属称谓。” [5](P30) 如非亲属之间,孩子对长辈称:“叔叔”、“阿姨”、“伯伯”等;对平辈称:“大哥”、“大姐”是常事。但是,“在英语中用于表达亲属称谓的词一般不用于表达非亲属关系。” [6](P30) 如果对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Green”、 “Auntie/Aunt Brown”,对方听了可能觉得不顺耳。因为在英语文化中,只有关系十分密切的情况下,才使用此类亲属称谓,而后面不带“姓”,只带“名”,如“Uncle Tom”。还可以用“Mr.” “Mrs.” “Miss/Ms”加上姓或者直接用“Sir(先生)”“Lady(女士)”来称呼。再则,汉语的亲属关系比较具体。最典型的如汉语中有伯父、叔父、舅父、姑父和姨父等区分,但是在英语中就用一个词“Uncle”来表示;汉语中有姨母、姑母、伯母、婶母、舅母等称呼,英语也都只用 “Aunt”一词代表;再如,汉语中的堂、表兄弟姐妹,英语中“Cousin”一词也包含了全部的称呼。这三个词究竟指谁,要弄清楚当时的情景才能知道。
此外,在中国,人们的等级观念根深蒂固,为了表示尊敬,往往会在姓的后面加上人的头衔、社会职位等,如 “郭校长”、“杨经理”、“周局长”、“刘老师”
等称呼。但是,“Principal Guo”、“Manager Yang”、“Bureau Director Zhou”、 “Teacher Liu”等称呼不符合英美人的习惯。在西方,只有少数职业和职务可用于称呼。如教授可称Professor;医生或有博士学位的人称Doctor;州长和市长可称Governor 和Major,等等。英语中这种职业/职务衔头+姓氏的称呼形式使用范围狭小,用途十分有限。西方人不喜欢这样的称呼,认为这样的称呼很虚伪。
(二)打招呼用语的差异
不管是在中国还是在外国,见到朋友或熟人打声招呼,是一种常见的礼貌行为。中西方由于文化传统和风俗习惯的不同,因此他们在见面时打招呼 的用语和习惯也大相径庭。
中国有浓厚的食文化,自古以来就有“民以食为天”的谚语。因此,中国人见面时喜欢用“你吃了吗?”来和对方打招呼,但这句问候语实际上已失去了其字面上意义,不是用来询问信息,而只是打招呼的一种方式。因此,回答“吃了” 或 “还没有吃”均无关紧要。然而,若按字面直译成英语“Have you had your dinner?”来问候西方人,按照其文化习俗,意味着邀请对方去吃饭;男性若问女性则表示要与对方交朋友或约会的愿望。可是,中国人说这句话时,通常是没有“邀请”和“约会”这层意思。汉语中另一种常用的打招呼语是“你去哪里啊?”、“到哪儿去啦?”这两句话在汉语中是打招呼的方法,而不是真想了解问人到哪里去。所以,对方可以任意给一个回答,也毫不觉得难堪。然而,如果用同样的方式与西方人打招呼“Where are you going?”、“Where have you been?”西方人往往会理解为是一个询问信息的问句,会使他们感到难堪,甚至会感到生气,他们会觉得说话者在干涉他们的私事。他们虽然嘴上不说,心里也许会想:“Why do you ask these questions? It’s none of your business.”
另外还有一种“中国式的问候方式是看见某人在做什么,就说什么。”[7](P97) 例如,当中国人遇见自己认识的人在洗车,可能会这样打招呼:“你在洗车啊?”中国人听到这样的打招呼觉得很自然、很正常。可是对西方人说:“You are cleaning your car, aren’t you?”他听起来觉得很奇怪、很别扭。心里会想:你明明看到我在洗车,还要问这样的问题?简直是在说废话。
也许英美人比较讲究高效率的缘故,人与人之间没有中国人那样热情,在以上同样情况下,常用的打招呼语一般比较简单,如“Hi”、“Hello”、“How are you?”或 “Good morning!”、“Good afternoon!”、“Good evening!”等。有时也以谈论天气的方式如“It’s a nice day, isn’t it?”来和对方打招呼。然而这些问候语中国人听起来觉得洋味太浓,觉得与对方太过生疏,一般较少使用。
(三)告别用语的差异
通常人们在进行交际时,不会不发出任何信号就突然分手或匆匆离去。离开前总会用一定的告别语,来表明自己要离开。中国人分手时通常说:“再见。”相当于英语中的“Good-bye”、“Bye-bye”。但是在说“Good-bye”、“Bye-Bye”或“再见”之前,还要说些客套话,中西方由于社会文化习俗不尽相同,告别用语也各具特色。
“在中国的告别礼仪中,人们往往把道别的原因归于对方。”[8](P71) 例如,中国人到别人家里做客,告别时多半会以 “我得走了,你一定很累了。”(“I’d better be going now. You must be very tired.”)或 “你明天还得早起,我该走了。”(“You will have to get up very early tomorrow. I should go now.”)等方式向主人告别。然而,“如果一个美国人去另一个美国人家里做客,他多半找出与自己有关的理由道别,而不涉及主人一方”[9](P71),如:“Well, I’d better let you have some sleep.”(“好了,我得让你休息了。”)、“Tomorrow, I have to get up early. I must go now.”(“明天我还得早起,我该走了。”)或者说:“I’ll have to go . Tomorrow I’ll go to work.”;“I must be say good-bye. My wife is waiting for me at home.”等等。就如Alan Maley 所说:“In typical western context the guests would usually find reasons to leave related to themselves rather than to their hosts.” 另外,也可以用“We have to say goodbye now. We enjoyed the evening very much. Thanks a lot.”(“我们得说再见了。我们今天晚上过得很愉快。多谢了。”)或“I think I’d better be leaving now. It’s very nice to have a talk with you.”(“我想我得离开了。和你聊天非常愉快。”)等略表示感谢的告别语。英美人认为这样说,更显得体。但是,在中国则一般不使用这样的告别语。
按照中国人的习惯,如有客人来访,当客人离开时,主人要把客人送到家门口。客人会对主人说:“请留步”、“不要远送了”,主人会说:“走好”、“慢走”
之类的客套话。这些说法都无法直接译成英语。如果用“Stay here.”、“Don’t come
any further with me ,please.”等,向英美人道别,他们会觉得十分尴尬。因为他们根本就没有要送你太远的意思。除非你邀请,否则别想他们会送你很远。这并不是西方人不友好,而只是他们没有这样的习惯。而若对外国客人说:“Go slowly.”、“Walk slowly.”,他们的反应很可能是:“Why should I walk slowly?” (“为什么我要慢走?”)。外国人把“Go slowly.” 、“Walk slowly.”看成是种要求,事实上,它只不过是中国人告别时所使用的一种极为普通的表达方式。在此类情况下,英美人常常将客人送到门口并且说:“Do come around again when you have time.”(“有空再来。”) 或“Give my best regards to your parents.”(“替我问候你的父母。”)
此外,当中国学生向老师请教问题,问题解决后,中国学生离开前可能会这么向老师告别:“对不起,浪费您这么多的时间,我该走了。”这本是一句自谦的客套话, 只是表示对老师的尊重。但若这名老师是西方人,他/她就会觉得尴尬。
他/她会认为,在你心里,他/她的帮忙只是在做一些无用的事而已。他/她会觉得很不高兴,以后也不会再帮助你了。其实在这时,中国学生只需说:“Thank you for your help! I think I should go now. Goodbye!”就可以了。
(四)对于赞扬和恭维的应答差异
“英美人的思维模式多为直线型,喜欢直接表达;而中国人的思维模式大多为螺旋型,喜欢委婉含蓄的表达。”[10](P49)因此,在与中国人进行交际时,外国人常常吃惊地发现,当他们赞扬或恭维中国人的时候,中国人总是不知所措,过于谦卑或贬低自己,甚至反复地予以否认,而不会像外国人那样很坦然地用语言表示感谢。
例如,当有人称赞你说:“That’s a beautiful dress you have on!”(“你穿的衣服真漂亮!”)谦虚的中国人很可能会说:“No, no, it’s just a very ordinary dress.”(“不,不,它只是一件很普通的衣服。”)或 “No. In fact I’ve worn it for several years.”(“不,事实上我已经穿了好几年了。”)再如,当别人赞扬、恭维你的能力或技巧时,如“Oh, your English is really good.”(“你的英语真棒。”)、“Your handwriting is very beautiful.”(“你的书法真漂亮。”)。对于这两句恭维话,不管是否与事实相符,中国人通常也会否定对方的恭维而可能说:“Well, it’s just so so.”(“一般而已。”)、“No, you flatter me.”(“不,你过奖了。”);甚至有的还会用这样的话来贬低自己:“Oh, no. My English is very poor. I must study hard.”(“哦,不,我的英语不好。我还必须努力。”)、“No, no, not at all. You are joking.”(“不,不,一点儿也不漂亮,你是开玩笑吧。”)。相反,西方人却通常公开地表示接受这种赞扬和恭维,会大大方方的说一句:“Thank you!”表明自己认为对方的赞扬是诚心诚意的,所赞扬的事是值得赞扬的。
在以上的情况里,由于西方人不太了解中国以谦虚为美德的传统文化,对于中国人谦虚的回答常常无法接受,认为中国人很不礼貌。而且有时还会把中国人这种过分的谦虚理解为不诚实的表现。因此,应该了解英美人对赞扬与恭维的应答的习惯,以避免中西方交际过程中不必要的误会的产生。
(五)餐桌上用语的差异
中西方在请客吃饭上的文化差异也要注意,否则会引起笑话。
中国人热情好客,请客吃饭时一般都是菜肴满桌,但无论菜多么丰盛,嘴上总要谦虚的说:“没什么好吃的,菜做得不好,随便吃点。”然而,当英美人听到这样的客套话,会觉得很反感:“没什么吃的,又何必请我?菜做得不好,又为什么要拿来招待我?”。按照中国的习俗,为了表示礼貌,习惯上会一再劝客人多吃点,而中国人往往是“言不由衷”,明明肚子饿,嘴上却说:“我饱了,不用了。”;直到主人一请再请,才慢条斯理地“恭敬不如从命”。而英美人招待客人一般没那么讲究,简简单单三四道菜就可以了。用餐时,一般主人会说:“Help yourself, please!”(“请吃。”即你想吃什么就吃什么。)英美人待客尊重个人意志,讲究实事求是,一再问客人要不要食物或强塞食物给客人,是很不礼貌的。所以,当主人给你添菜或问你要什么时,如:“Would you like another piece of meat pie?”(“想再来一块肉馅饼吗?”),如果你想吃的话,可以直截了当地回答:“Yes, please!”或“Thank you. A piece of meat pie.”倘若你确实什么也不想吃,只需简单地说:“No. Thank you.”就可以了。而客人在用餐期间,一定要赞美主人所准备的食物好吃,称赞主人的手艺好,否则不管你吃得多饱,主人都会不高兴。典型的英语客套话是:
客人:It’s delicious.(味道好极了。)/ This meat is beautifully tender.(这肉鲜嫩可口。)
主人:Thank you. I’m glad you like it. (谢谢,我很高兴你喜欢吃。)
有些不了解英美人习惯的中国人,到英美人家里做客,也客气一番,结果他们请你一遍,至多两遍,便以为你真的不想吃。英美人第二次的问法经常是:“Are you sure? It’s no trouble.”(“真的不要吗?一点也不麻烦的。”) 注意,这可是最后一请,如果你再客气,只好去喝西北风了。此外,英美人认为菜吃不完留在盘子里,是很不文明的行为,所以宁可第一次少要一些,吃不饱,可大大方方地跟主人说:”Oh, this is delicious.”(“哦,这真好吃啊。”)并再要些刚才吃过的菜,主人对你欣赏他们的菜,会感到很高兴。
(六)话题选择的差异
跨文化交际通常是通过说话的交往方式来进行的。许多外语学习者也很想和外国人交流来练习英语,然而,由于他们不会选择恰当的话题,常常会遭到外国人的拒绝。
中国人私下谈话中,即使是初次见面,往往也喜欢把年龄大小、家庭情况、家庭地址、身体状况、工资收入、婚姻状况等当作交谈的内容,以示对对方的关心。然而,所有这些在西方人看来都是个人隐私。在西方国家,“特别强调对个人私生活的保护与尊重,认为打听别人的事是很不得体的行为。”[11](P55) 就如英语的一句谚语所说:A man’s home is his castle.意思是:一个人的家即是他的城堡,是神圣不可侵犯的。西方人并不了解:“几千年来,中国人绝大部分都住在乡村,少数住在小城市,他们聚族而居,经常见面彼此关照,几乎无话不谈。”[12](P87) 而这些现象在西方的工业社会里却很少见,人们独立意识强,互不干涉、很注重隐私。不管是城市里还是在农村,都是 “Good fences makes good neighbor.(好篱笆创造出好邻居。)”( Robert Frost)因此,当与英美人进行交谈时,要选择适当的话题,避免问一些诸如:“Where are you from?”、“How old are you?”、“ How many children do you have?”、“ Are you married?”、 “How much do you earn?”、“ What religion do you believe in?”、“ How much is your watch?”、“ Where did you buy your shoes?”等问题,以免使西方人觉得个人隐私受到侵犯,或感情受到伤害。在西方,人们一起聊天的起始话题是天气情况,因为英美国家天气多变,且对人们的生活工作有很大的影响。另外,天气是中性话题,无论怎么谈都不涉及对方的隐私。除天气外,英美人常说的话题还有运动、工作、学习、兴趣爱好、假期安排、国际局势、电影/电视节目等。在与英美人进行交流时,可以选择以上话题,相信会有不小的收获。

三、学习对象国背景文化知识,克服跨文化交际障碍
从以上的分析可以看出语言和文化是紧密联系的,中西文化中存在很大的差异,且这些文化差异对跨文化交际有着重要作用与影响。要想在跨文化交际中排除文化差异障碍,获得交际的成功,必须注重学习、掌握对象国的背景文化知识。笔者认为可以通过以下方法来加强对英语国家背景文化知识的了解,以克服在跨文化交际中产生的障碍。
(一)明确语言与文化的关系,树立语言学习即文化学习的理念
语言是进行跨文化交际最主要的工具。语言反应文化,文化又渗透于语言之中,语言与文化是互相联系的统一体。(高宝虹)语言和文化的关系如此密切,那么可以毫不夸张地认为:不了解一门语言所具有的文化,就无法正确的理解、掌握和运用这门语言。因此,在学习英语本身的语法、词法、句法、篇章结构等语言规则的同时,也要注意有关英语国家文化背景知识的学习。
(二)博览群书,积累目的语的背景文化知识
对绝大多数人来说,了解英语国家的文化知识,主要靠间接地阅读有关的材料。平时可以多读一些英语现代文学作品、英语原版小说,多看英语报纸(如China Daily, Times)和英语杂志(如英语世界、英语学习等),多阅读一些介绍西方国家背景文化知识的文章和书籍。此外在阅读此类书籍、报刊、杂志的同时,也要留心和积累有关民族习性、社会习俗、社会关系、价值观念、思维模式等方面的材料,不断学习和积累英语国家的背景文化知识。
(三)多观看英文电影、电视和录像,以吸收异国文化
外语学习者可以通过有选择地观看一些有意义的英文电视、电影和录像,更直观地感受英语国家的文化。比如,想了解美国的家庭可以选择看《成长的烦恼》Growing Pains the 1st Season;想了解社会文化,可以看由北京大学出版社出版的《走遍美国》。在看影片时,要注意片中人物对话的内容、说话的方式、日常生活的情景,观察人物的姿态、表情、行为动作等语言以外的交际手段。注意从影片所显示的内容寻找、收集有关文化知识的各个方面。
(四)积极进行英文思维,从语言中更好地理解对象国文化
中西不同民族,因其文化背景的差异,具有的不同的思维方式。而一个民族的思维方式又在该民族的语言中得到广泛而深刻的反映。因此,可以在学习、使用英语语言的同时,积极进行英文思维,并更深入了解语言背后所具有的文化。如:想用英语表达“上星期五在剧院门口, 我碰到了多年未见的高中同学”,使用英文的直线型思维,即在表达思想时,直截了当,要点放在句首,再进行各项补充。因此,可清楚知道应该将之表达成“I met with my high-school classmate at the entrance of the theatre last Friday, whom I hadn't seen for years.”进而更深入挖掘,了解到形成这种思维方式主要是因为:在西方,“资本主义自由竞争制度形成了弱肉强食的社会风尚,这使有本事的强人得到尊崇,而缺乏自信的人得不到重用”[13](P30) ,从而形成了西方人直率的性格,喜欢直接表达。如果外语学习者能在阅读英文书籍或使用英语进行交流的时候,使用英文思维,不但能更好地掌握正确的英语表达方式,而且更易于掌握、理解英语国家的背景文化。
(五)对文化差异进行比较和分类收集,以利于学习、记忆
外语学习者可以在学习、掌握异国文化传统、风俗习惯、风土人情、价值观念、思维方式等有关知识的基础上,分析其与本族文化的差异,这样可以同时对异国文化和本国文化有更清晰的认识与理解。如:在了解到西方圣诞节的一些风俗习惯,如圣诞老人赠送礼物、圣诞假期、圣诞晚餐、家庭聚会等时,可以同时与中国人过春节的习惯,如拜年、给压岁钱、放寒假、吃团圆饭等加以比较,更好的了解圣诞节、春节的不同习俗及其对西方人、中国人的意义。再如:西方人拥有以自我为中心的个人主义价值观,而中国人则是以集体主义为中心的价值观,比较后可以了解到,与中国人相比,西方人更注重自己的隐私的保护。同时,还可以对文化差异进行分类收集,以便于识记与应用。例如,在语言表达方式的习惯上,中国人常会根据自身的习惯而使用这样的一些成语:笑掉大牙(to laugh off one’s teeth),挥金如土(to spend money like sand),对牛弹琴(cast pearls before cattle)等等。这些成语中国人看得懂,而不同文化背景的西方人则会觉得很奇怪。这是不了解英语的背景文化知识的缘故。英语正确的说法是:to laugh off one’s head, to spend money like water, cast pearls before swine。如果外语学习者能把此类成语归纳起来,不仅能方便于学习、记忆,还能学到不少的典故和传说,更好地理解英语国家的文化。

⑨ 哪位帅哥美女可以告诉我初中生必背英语单词啊词组也要!!!拜托拜托了,我英语超差的。

A
Aact upon each other 相互作用
adapt oneself to 使自己适应……
a few (表示肯定)有些,几个
a great quantity of (接可数或不可数)大量
a good deal of (接不可数名词)许多,大量
a large amount of (接不可数名词)大量
a little (表示肯定)一些,一点点
a lotof (接可数、不可数名词) 大量的,许多
a number of (接可数名词)若干,许多
above all 首先,首要,尤其是
after all 毕竟,终究
ahead of 在…前面,先于
all but 几乎,差一点;除了…都
all of a sudden 忽然
all over 到处,遍及;全部结束。
all right 令人满意的;(健康)良好的; 好,行,可以
in all 总共,共计
all the same 仍然,照样地;
all the time 一直,始终
and so on 等等
apart from 除…之外(别无);除…之外(尚有)
a plenty of 许多,大量
as…as… 像,如同,与…一样
as far as 远到;就…而言,至于
as follows 如下
as for 至于,关于
ask for leave 请假
as long as 只要,如果;既然,由于
as soon as 一…就,刚…便
as though 好像,仿佛
as to 至于,关于
as usual 照例,像平常一样-
as well 也,又
as well as 除…之外(也),既…又
ask for 请求,要求
at a loss 困惑不解,茫然不知所措
at all (用于否定句)丝毫(不),一点(不)
at all costs 不惜任何代价,无论如何
at all events 不管怎样,无论如何
at any rate - 无论如何,至少
at ease 舒适(地),安逸(地)
at first 最初,起先
at hand 近在手头,在附近
at last 终于
at least 至少
at most 至多,不超过
at no time 从不,决不
at once 马上,立刻;同时,一起
at present 目前,现在
at the cost of 以…为代价
at the moment 此刻,目前
at the same time 同时;然而,不过
at the sight of 一看见…就
B
back and forth (前后)来回地,反复地
back up 支持;倒退
be described as 被描写成
be in favor of 支持
be made up of 由…组成,由…构成
be short of 缺少,不足;未达到
bear..in mind 记住(某事)
because of 因为,由于
before long 不久以后
be worth doing sth 值得做某事
beyond the question 毫无疑问,确定无疑
both...and.. 既…又…,不但…而且
break down 损坏,抛锚
break in 破门(窗)而入;打断,插嘴
break into 强行闯进
break off -中断,中止
break one's leave ;超假
break out (战争等)爆发;使逃脱,使逃走
break through 突破,突围
break up 打碎;终止,结束
bring about 带来,引起,导致
bring forward 提出(建议等)
bring in to effect 使生效,实行
brmgin to operation …实施;使运行
bring out 使…显示出来;出版
bring up 教育,培养
build up 逐步建立、增强,增进
but for 倘没有,要不是
by accident 偶然
by air 通过航空途径;用无线电
by all means 尽一切办法,务必
by and by 不久,迟早
by chance 偶然,碰巧
by far …得多,最(修饰比较级和最高级)
by means of 用,凭借
by mistake 错误地,无意中(做了某件错事)
by no means 决不,并没有
by oneself 单独地,独自地
by the way 顺便地,附带地说说
by way of 经过,经由;通过…的方法
C
call for 要求,需要;邀请 call off 取消
call on 访问,拜访;呼吁,号召
call up 打电话;召集
cannot help doing 禁不住,忍不住
capable of 有…能力(或技能)的;能…的
cannot..too..越…越好,再…也不过分
care forr 照顾,照料;喜欢
carry forward 发扬;进行
carry off 拿走,夺去…的生命
carry on 继续
carry out ,执行,贯彻;进行(到底)
catch sight of 看到,发现
catch up with 赶上
clleck in 办理登记手续,报到
check out 结账后离开,办妥手续离开
cheer up 高兴起来,振作起来
clear up 清理;使变清;放晴
come around 苏醒;顺便来访
come in handy for sth 某物迟早有用
come on (表劝说,鼓励等)来吧,走吧;开始
come out 出版,发表;显现,出现;结果是
come through 经历…仍活着
come to 苏醒;共计,达到
come to an end 结束
come true 实现
come up 出现,走上前来
come up with 追上,赶上;提出
compare..to 把…比作,把…与…比较
count for little 轻视
count on 依靠,指望
cut down 砍倒;消减;缩短
cut in 打断,插嘴;(汽车)超车抢档
cut off 切掉;切断;阻隔
cut out 删掉,割去
cut short 缩短, 删节
D
deal with 做买卖;处理;论述,涉及
decide on 考虑后选定或决定
die down 变弱,逐渐消失
die out 消失,灭绝
doawaywith 废除,去掉
do..a favour 帮助某人
draw in (火车、汽车)进站
araw up 起草,制订
dream of 梦到;梦想,向往
dress up 穿上盛装,精心打扮
drop in 顺便(非正式)访问
drop out 退学,退出
e to 由于,因为
E
each other 互相(多用作宾语)
elther...or 或…或,不是…就是…
end up 结束,告终
even if/though 即使,虽然
every now and then 时而,偶尔
every other 每隔一个
except for 除了…外
F
face to face 面对面(的)地;对立地
fail to do.. 没能做…
G
get across 使通过;使被理解
get along 过活;相处(with);进展
get down 从…下来;着手进行;写下
get into 对…发生兴趣;卷入;进入
get off (从…)下来;逃脱惩罚
get on 骑上(马、自行车等),登上(车、船、飞机等);有进展
get on with 与…友好相处;继续干
get out 离去,退出(组织等);(消息等) 泄漏
get over 克服(困难等);从(疾病、失望、震惊等)中恢复过来
get rid of 处理掉;摆脱
get through 完成;打通电话;通过(考试)
get up 起床;起立
give in 屈服;让步
give off 发出或放出(蒸气等)
give out 分发;发出(气味等)
give up 放弃;投降
give way to 让位于;给…让路
go after 追逐,追求;设法得到
go ahead 开始,进行;前进,领先
go along with 赞同,附合,支持
go around (消息)流传;足够分配
go down 下去;(船等)下沉;下降
go for 去请,去取;赞成
go in for 从事于;酷爱;追求
go into 进入;调查;从事
go into action 开始行动
go into effect 实施,生效
go on 继续下去,进行
go out 熄灭,停止运转;过时
go over 检查;复习
go through 遭受,经历;检查,审查
go up 上升,(物价等)上涨;被炸毁,被烧毁
go wrong 出错;发生故障,出毛病
grow up 成熟;成年;发展
H
had better 应该,还是…好
had rather...than 宁愿…(而不是)
hand in 交上;递上
hand out 分发,散发
hand over 交出,移交
hang on 抓紧不放;坚持下去;(电话不挂) 等一会儿
hang up 把…挂起来;挂断(电话)
have an advantage over 胜于,优于
have in mind 记在心里;考虑到,想到
have nothing to do with 和…毫无关系
have (something)to do with和…(有点)关系
head for 朝…方向走去
help oneself 自取所需(食物等)
hold back 踌躇,退缩不前;阻止
hold sth back from sb 向某人隐瞒某事
hold on 握住不放;坚持;(打电话用语) 等一会儿
hold on to 紧紧抓住;控制,克制
hold up 举起;耽搁;延迟
hurry up (使)赶快;匆匆完成
hurt one's feelings 伤害某人感情
I
if only 只要;要是…就好
in a hurry 急于,忙于
in a sense 从某种意义上
in a way 在某种程度上,从某一点上看
in a word 简而言之,一句话
in addition to 除…之外(还)
in advance 预先,事先
in any case 无论如何,不管怎样
in brief 简单地说
in case of 假如,如果发生;防备
in charge of 负责,主管
in common 共有的,共用的
in debt 欠债
in detail 详细的
in effect 实际上,事实上
in fact 事实上,其实
in favour of 支持,赞成
in front of 在…前面
in general 一般说来,大体上
in half 成两半
in honour of 为向…表示敬意;为纪念,为庆祝
in no case 无论如何不,决不
in no time 立即,马上
in no way 决不
in one's mind eye 在…看来
in order 按顺序;整齐
in order to 为了(做某事)
in other words 换句话说,也就是说
in part 部分地
in particular 特别,尤其
in person 亲自
in proportion to 与…成比例
in public 公开地,当众
in question 正在谈论的
in relation to 有关,涉及
in return (for) 作为(对…的)回报、交换
in short 简言之,总之
in sighI 看得见,在视线之内;在望
in spite of 不管,不顾
in that 因为
in the course of 在…期间,在…过程中
in the end 最后,终于
in the face of 在…前面;不管,即使
in the future 在将来
in the way 挡道,妨碍某人
in time 及时;最后,终于
in touch 联系,接触
in turn 依次地,轮流地;转而,反过来
in vain 徒劳,白费力
in stead of .替代,而不是
J
just now 刚才,才不久;现在,眼下
join in 参加,加入;和…在一起
K
keep an eye on 留意,照看
keep in mind 记住
keep in touch with 与…保持联系
keep it up 坚持
keep on 继续进行,反复地做
keep one's word 守信用
keep sth inone's mind 牢记某事
keep to 坚持;固守(习惯等)
keep up with 跟上,不落后
kill off 消灭,杀光
knock down 撞倒;击倒
knock out (拳击中)击倒,击昏
L
laugh at 因…而发笑;嘲笑
lay aside 把…搁置一旁;留存,储存
lay down 放下;铺设(铁路);制定(计划等)
lay out 布置,安排,设计;摆出,展开
lead to 通向;导致,引起
1earn by heart 记住,背诵
learn from 学习,向…学习
leave behind 丢弃;留下;忘记携带
leave off (使)停止,停下来
leave out 忽略,遗漏;省略
1et alone 更别提;不打扰
let off 排放;放(炮),开(枪)
let out 放掉(水等),发出
lie in 在于
line up 排队,使排成一行
little (表示否定,不可数)没多少
little by little 一点一点地,逐渐地
live on 靠…生活;以…为食
live through 经历过;度过;经受住
live up to 无愧于;做到;符合
long before 在…以前很久
long for 渴望
look after 目送;照料,照顾
look at 看;看待
look back 回头看;回顾
look down on/upon 蔑视,看不起
look for 寻找,寻求;指望,期待
look forward to 盼望,期待;预期,预料
look into 观察;调查;查阅
look on 旁观;观看
look out 留神,注意
look over 仔细检查,细看;察看,巡视
look throuSh (从头至尾)浏览;详尽核查;温习
lay out 布置,安排,设计;摆出,展开
lead to 通向;导致,引起
1earn by heart 记住,背诵
learn from 学习,向…学习
leave behind 丢弃;留下;忘记携带
leave off (使)停止,停下来
leave out 忽略,遗漏;省略
1et alone 更别提;不打扰
let off 排放;放(炮),开(枪)
let out 放掉(水等),发出
lie in 在于
line up 排队,使排成一行
little (表示否定,不可数)没多少
little by little 一点一点地,逐渐地
live on 靠…生活;以…为食
live through 经历过;度过;经受住
live up to 无愧于;做到;符合
long before 在…以前很久
long for 渴望
look after 目送;照料,照顾
look at 看;看待
look back 回头看;回顾
look down on/upon 蔑视,看不起
look for 寻找,寻求;指望,期待
look forward to 盼望,期待;预期,预料
look into 观察;调查;查阅
look on 旁观;观看
look out 留神,注意
look over 仔细检查,细看;察看,巡视
look throuSh (从头至尾)浏览;详尽核查;温习
M
make a Fire 生火
make for 走向,向…前进;导致,促成
make funof 嘲笑;开…玩笑
make one's way 去,前进,前往
make out 写出,开列;看出,辨认出
make sense 讲得通,有意义,言之有理
make sure 查明,务必要做到
make up 组成,构成;编造,虚构;化妆
make up for 补偿,弥补
make upone's mind 下定决心,打定主意
make use of 使用,利用
mix up 拌和;混淆
more or less 或多或少,左右;有点儿
N
neither...nor... 既不…也不…
no doubt 无疑地
no less than 不少于,多达
no longer . 不再,已不
no more 不再
no more than 不多于,至多
no sooner...than 一…就
not only...but also 不但…而且
nothing but 只有;只不过
now and then 时而,不时
now that 既然,由于
O
of course 当然,自然
off ty 下班
on a small/large scale 小(大)规模地
on account of 由于,因为
on average 、 平均;通常;普通
on board 在船(或车、飞机等)上
on business 因公出差
on ty 值班,当班
on earth 究竟,到底
on foot 步行
on guard 站岗,警戒
on occasion(s) 有时,间或
on one's own 独立地,靠自己地
on purpose 故意,有目的地
on sale 出售;廉价出售
on the contrary 正相反
on the one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
on the spot 在现场,当场
on the whole 总的来说,大体上
on time — 准时
once again 再一次
once in a while 偶尔
once upon a time 从前
once more 再一次,又一次
one another 相互
one...the other 一个…另一个…
open fire 开火
or else 否则,要不然
or so 大约,左右
other than 不同于;除了
out of 在…外;离开…;缺乏
out of breath 喘不过气来
out of control 失去控制
out of date 过时的,不用的
out of doors 在户外
out of order 出故障;秩序混乱
out of place 不在适当的位置;不相称的 格格不入
our of sight 看不见,在视野之外
out of the question 毫不可能
out of work 失业
over and over 一再地,再三地
P
pass away 去世
pass On 把…传给别人
pay attention to 注意
pay back 偿还(借款等);回报
pay for 付款;偿还
pay off 还清(债款);取得成功
pick out 选出,挑出;辨认出,分辨出
pick up 捡起;(车等)中途搭人;学会
play apart (in) (在…中)扮演角色;(在…中) 起作用
play fire ,玩火
point out 指出,指明
prior to 在前,居先,比…在先
pull in (车)进站;(船)到岸
pull into (车等)进入,驶入
pull out 拔出,抽出;(车、船等)驶出
put aside 储存,保留
put away 把…收起,放好
put down 记下;放下;镇压
put forward 提出(要求、事实等)
put into practice 实行,实施
put off 推迟,拖延
put on 穿上;上演
put out 熄灭;关(灯);公布,出版
put to use 使用
put up 举起;建造;张贴
put up with 忍受,容忍(讨厌的人)
Q
quite a few 相当多,不少
R
rather than 宁愿…(而不);不是…(而是)
refer to...as 把…称作;把…当作
regardless of 不顾,不惜
remind sb of sth 提醒某人某事
result from 是(由)…造成
result in 起,导致;结果是
nght away 立即,马上
ring off 挂断电话;停止讲话
ring up 打电话
rob sb of... 抢劫某人…
run into 偶然碰见;遇到(困难等);共计
run to (of) 用完,耗尽
run over (跑)过去、撞倒;溢出
run through 跑着穿过;刺穿;贯穿
S
see...off 为某人送行
see...through. 看破、看穿
see to 负责,注意,照料
send for 派人去请;召唤;索取
send off 寄出;为…送行;解雇
set about 开始,着手
set a fire to… 给…烧把火
set apart 使分离;使显得突出
set aside 留出,拨出;不理会,置于一边
set back 推迟,延缓,阻碍;使花费
set down . 制订…;放下…
Set free 释放
set off 出发,起程;激起,引起
set out 动身,起程;开始
set up 创立,建立,为…作好准备; 竖起,建造
settle down 定居;安下心来
show off 炫耀,卖弄
show up 来到,露面
side by side 肩并肩地,一起
slow down/up 放慢速度;减速
so...as to 如此…以至于
so far 迄今为止;到这种程度
so/as far as...(be) concerned 就…而言
so long as 只要,如果;既然,由于
some…others... 一些..其余的…
sooner or later 迟早,早晚,或迟或早
no sooner...than 一…就…
stand for 是…的缩写,代表,意味着;主张,支持
stand out 引人注目;杰出,出色
stand up 起立;(论点、证据等)站得住脚
stick to 粘贴在…上;紧跟,紧随;坚持;忠于;信守
such as 例如,诸如
sum up 总结,概括
switch off/on .(用开关)关掉/开启
T
take...for 把…认为是,把…看成是
take advantage of 利用,趁…之机
take after (在外貌、性格方面)与(父、母)相像
take apart 拆卸,拆开
take away 拿走;减去
take down 取下;记下;拆卸
take for 把…认为是,把…看作是
take for granted 认为—.—理所当然;(因视作当然而) 对…不予以重视
take in 欺骗;领会,理解
take into account 把…考虑进去
take off 脱下(衣帽等);起飞
take on 承担,呈现(面貌)
take one's time 不着急,不慌忙
take out 扣除
take over 接受,接管;借用,承袭
take part in 参加,参与
take place 发生,进行,举行
take the place of 代替,取代
take turns 依次,轮流
take up 开始从事;占去,占据
tell...from 辨别,分辨
the moment (that) 一…(就)
thanks to 由于,多亏
think of 想到,记得;想一想,考虑,关心
think of...as 把…看作是,以为…是
think over 仔细考虑
throw away 扔掉,抛弃
to a certain degree/extent某种程度
to the point 切中要害,切题
touch on 谈及,提及
try on 试穿
try one's best 尽力,努力
try out 试用,试验
turn down 拒绝;关小,调低
turn in 上床睡觉;交还,上交
turn...into 使变成,使成为
turn off 关(水源等);拐弯
turn on 开,旋开(电灯等)
turn one's back on 不理睬
turn out 关掉(收音机等);生产,制造;驱逐;结果是
turn over 仔细考虑
turn to 变成;求助于,借助于
turn up 出现,来到;开大,调大
U
under control 处于控制之下
undergo experiences 经历,体验
under the circumstances 在这种情况下,(情况)既然如此
up to (数量上)多达;(时间上)直到; 取决于
up to date 现代化的,切合目前情况的
use up 用完,耗尽
W
wait for 等候,等待
wait on 服侍(某人)
warm up (使)暖起来;(使)变热
wash up 洗餐具;洗手洗脸
watch out for 密切注意;戒备,提防
wear out 穿破,用坏;(使)疲乏,(使)耗尽
What about...? (征求意见时)怎么样?
What if...? 如果…将来会怎么样?
whether...or 是…还是…,不管…还是
wipe out 彻底摧毁,消灭
with regard to 关于,至于
within reach 伸手可及
with respect to 关于,至于
with the exception of 除…之外
without question 毫无疑问,毫无异议
work out 算出;想出,制定出
would rather(…than) 宁可,宁愿(…则不愿)

71回

⑩ i will also make sure I write P.R. China 请问是什么意思,谢谢了

我也一定会确保自己写的是“P.R.China"(中华人民共和国)。