① 艾薇兒的介紹
Avril Ramona Lavigne was born in Napanee, Ontario, to parents Judy and John on September 27th, 1984. She was the middle child. She has a brother names Matthew who's 19 years old and a younger sister Michelle, 14. But she was always the feisty one and spent most of her school years getting into trubble. Even as a teen at Napanee District High School, despite being one of the smallest in her class (5''1'), she was always getting into scrapes. "I got into lots of fights," she admits. "If someone was picking on one of my friends, I'd go bithc them out. I wasn't a fighter, but I don't take any crap. Avril's strong character meant shewasn't always popular with her classmates. "The funny thing is," she smiles "people used to be intimidated by me. I don't know why. It's weird - the group you hang out with and the clothes you wear can scare people. My teachers hated me because I never did my work and never paid attention in class." But itwasn't just Avril's teachers who were angry with her, trouble at school made her parents mad, which meant she was always grounded. "I was rebellious towards my parents, but we're cool now," Avril reveals. "I was always in trouble. I was never allowed to do anything after school so I'd go to my room and write." And that's where Avril's musicwas born, being grounded gave her the time (and inspiration) to write her first album, Let Go.
Avril had been into music since the age of 2, performing in localmusicals, village fairs and, thanks to devout Christian family, at church. Until theage of 12 she'd just been a singer, but she decided she wanted more. So she taught herself to play guitar, andfound a new way of making her parents proud, too. "I taught myself on my dad's guitar," she says. "I started writing lines here and there and they grew into songs. I did it on my own, but my parents supported me," she smiles.
It wasn't long before Avril had her first taste of fame. At the age of 14, singing contest in Canada's capital, Ottawa. She won and appeared on stage as part of her prize (alongside Shania Twain in front of 10.000 people.) It was then that she knew that she could do it, she knew she had something special, so she started to chase her dream. Determinded to be a star, Avril sent a home video of herself singing karaoke to Peter Zizzo, an American songwriter/procer. He was so impressed he invited the ambitious 16 year old on a songwriting trip to New York. Everyone loved her and she was immediately signed to Arista Records, kome of Pink and Usher. Avril's dream was coming true, so she dropped out of school and moved to New York to work on her debut album. But living the dream was scarier than tough- kid Avril had thought. "The city is nuts. It was crazy learning subway on my way to the studio every day," she says, "But I was glad to be doing something proctive." After a year working hard Avril had finished her first album, Let Go. "My lyrics are honest and I write about whatever happens to me," she says. "my song Losing Grip means a lot to me, it's about my ex-boyfriend. We weren't meeting on a emotional level and he wasn't giving me what I needed. I can still play the same songs and get mad and get my anger out. It's therapeutic and I hope I can help others in a similar situation." But it wasn't all plain- rocking. Avril'sfeisty self-belief caused problems, too. "I worked with a ton of people, and fought with most of them," she explains. "I'd go on writing trips, meets lots of musicians and write one song and be like, 'Screw this. I'm not working with that person.' Sometimes, just because of my age, they didn't want to hear what I had to say. I probably just gave them attitude if they weren't listening. I'm a little fighter and I stand up for what I believe."
Avril also ran into trouble because she refused to be manufactured by the record company. As she'd said all along, she just wanted to be herself. So she refused to do what she told to say, or even wear. "I'm not a ****ing proct, I'm a human. There are times when I go to photoshoots and there are racks of clothes and I'mlike 'No I'm not wearing any of that," Avril says. "People try to get me to wear high-heeled shoes and cute little shirts and I'm like 'No! It's tempting, girls like to look pretty, but I'm not like that. It's really important that, when I'm on camera I dress and act the way I normally would. I just want to be myself. I don't want to act like someone I'm not.I want the world to know who I really am. I'm sick of people being fake, and two-faced."
The great thing is, despite her success, fame hasn't changed Avril at all. "I just think that the way people treat me sometimes is just, like, weird". "It's like they think I'm made up of plastic or something. I was walking down the hall one time, and this guy was yelling 'Move out ofmy way',at everyoneso I could walk through. I was like, ****ing shut up! I don't deserve to be treated any more special than other people." So, forget Jenny from the block, this is one down-to-earth girl who'll still be keeping it real when she's on her 10th album. And Avril's determinded to stick around for a long time. "I want a very long career.I'm only 18 so I'm growing and becoming who I am, and I change all the time. But I want to be around for a while yet and make tons of different albums."
艾薇拉莫娜拉維涅出生在Napanee ,安大略,家長朱迪和約翰對1984年9月27日。她是中東兒童。她有一個弟弟的名字馬修誰是19歲和一個妹妹米歇爾, 14 。但她始終是一個活躍的大部分時間都在她的學校里進入trubble 。即使是一個十幾歲的孩子在Napanee區高中,盡管其中一個最小的在她的課堂( 5''1 ' ) ,她總是進入擦傷。 「我到很多打鬥, 」她承認。 「如果有人揀取的我的一個朋友,我會去bithc出來。我不是一個鬥士,但我不採取任何廢話。艾薇強烈性質意味著shewasn't一直深受同學日。 」有趣的是, 「她微笑著」以人用於所嚇倒我。我不知道為什麼。這是奇怪的-你航集團與和你穿的衣服可以嚇唬人。我的老師恨我,因為我從來沒有和我的工作從來沒有注意在課堂上。 「但itwasn't公正艾薇的老師誰是她的憤怒,麻煩了她在學校的父母瘋了,這意味著她總是停飛。 」我很叛逆對我的父母,但我們冷靜現在, 「艾薇揭示。 」我總是遇到麻煩。我從來沒有做任何事情讓放學後,所以我會去看我的房間和寫字。 「而且,艾薇兒的musicwas誕生,給了她被停飛的時間(和靈感)寫她的第一張專輯,放手。
艾薇兒已經進入音樂自2歲,表演的localmusicals ,鄉村集市,由於虔誠的基督徒家庭,在教堂。直到theage 12隻希望她是一個歌手,但她決定,她希望更多。於是,她發揮自己教吉他, andfound一種新的方式,使她的父母感到自豪,也。 「我告訴自己我的父親的吉他, 」她說。 「我開始寫作系在這里和那裡,他們成長為歌曲。我做到了我自己,但我的父母支持我, 」她笑著說。
不久以後,艾薇兒,她首次嘗試了名聲。在14歲,歌唱大賽,在加拿大首都渥太華。她的勝利,並在舞台上出現的一部分,她的獎金(仙妮亞唐恩並肩前的10.000人。 )正是在這時,她知道,她能做到這一點,她知道她有什麼特別,所以她開始追逐自己的夢想。測定是一個明星,艾薇兒發出了一個家庭視頻自己唱卡拉OK ,以彼得Zizzo ,美國作曲家/製作人。他留下了深刻的印象,他邀請了雄心勃勃的16歲的創作前往紐約。每個人都喜歡她,她立即簽署阿里斯塔記錄,科梅的粉紅色和亞瑟。艾薇兒的夢想,是未來真正的,所以她輟學和移居紐約的工作對她的首張專輯。但是,生活的夢想是可怕比強硬的孩子艾薇以為。 「這座城市是堅果。有人瘋狂學習地鐵站的路上到演播室每天, 」她說, 「但我高興的是做一些有益的。 」經過一年努力艾薇完成了她的第一張專輯,放手。 「我的歌詞是誠實的,我寫的無論發生什麼情況,我, 」她說。 「我的歌失去了抓地力意味著很多對我來說,這是我的前男友。我們並沒有情感上的水平和他沒有給我什麼我需要。我仍然可以發揮同樣的歌曲,並獲得惱我憤怒了。它的治療,我希望我能幫助其他有類似情況。 「但是,並非所有的純搖擺。 Avril'sfeisty自信造成的問題,也。 「我與一噸的人民,和戰斗與他們當中的絕大多數, 」她解釋說。 「我希望去書面旅遊,滿足許多音樂家和寫一首歌曲,並想, '螺桿這一點。我沒有與該人。有時候,只是因為我的年齡,他們不想聽聽我的話。我也許只是給了他們的態度,如果他們不聽。我是一個小戰士,我站起來為我所相信。 「
艾薇兒也陷入困境,因為她拒絕被製造的唱片公司。正如她說,一直以來,她只是想成為自己。因此,她拒絕做她告訴說,甚至磨損。 「我不是一個****化產品,我一個人。有些時候我去photoshoots有衣架的衣服和I'mlike '沒有我不穿任何說: 」艾薇兒說。 「人們試圖讓我穿高跟鞋和可愛的小襯衫,我就像'不!這是誘人的,女孩要漂亮,但我不是這樣的。這是真正重要的是,當我相機我穿著和行為的方式我通常會。我只是想將我自己。我不想再有人像我not.I希望世界知道是誰我真的。我生病的人被假冒,兩個面。 「
偉大的事情是,盡管她的成功,成名並沒有改變艾薇所有。 「我只是認為,人的方式對待我有時只是像,奇怪的」 。 「這就像他們認為,我是由塑料或東西。我是走在大廳一時間,這個傢伙是大叫'走出ofmy方式' ,在everyoneso我可以穿過。我想, *** *法閉嘴!我不應該得到任何特殊待遇比其他人。 「所以,忘記珍妮從塊,這是一個腳踏實地的女孩誰還會在保持真正當她對她的第十張專輯。和艾薇兒的測定,要堅持了很長一段時間。 「我想了很長career.I '只有18米,使我成長,並成為我是誰,我改變所有的時間。但我想大約有一段時間沒有作出噸不同的相冊。
② 旋也女裝什麼檔次
關於你所詢問的玄野女裝是什麼檔次的問題,應該說屬於一個中等檔次的服裝品牌,具體的你可以從一些個大型的服裝網站上進行查詢它的價格
③ 一首女聲的英文歌,曲調和《斯卡布羅集市》有點像,主旋律也是四句。聽起來像是深夜中的呼喚
On my course family from coaching basket ball yesterday, I was listening to WGN; my favorite talk radio station out of Chicago. I could tell at once that there was something erroneous by the somber mood of the speaker. There had been a airplane break. Two small planes collided into each other over a northern outskirts of Chicago. What made the story buffet near to home was that Bob Collins, the morn show male for WGN,Replica Louis Vuitton Women, was the pilot of one of the planes and had been killed. (I'm sure that many readers have tuned in "Uncle Bobby" on their car radios in the Midwest.) Later that night, as I made my 40 minute steer to my third shift job, I listened as the station recalled and paid tribute to a man who was loved by many. They told fable after story, describing him as the ultimate friend, and a man who had lived life to the fullest. Genuine love and admiration gushed in from bring an end to ...the country. The more I listened about how this man had influenced those approximately him, the more discouraged I became. Why you ask? I was discouraged for I wanted to know why we as a culture, wait until someone has passed away before we tell them how much we love them? Why do we wait until someone's ears can't hear before we let them how much they mean to us? Why do we wait until it is too late before we recollection the good qualities of a person? Why do we create someone up later they have gone into eternity? What good does it do then! We share memories after memory, as we smile,Fashion Handbags Store, call, and consider behind about what was affirmative in a person's life. Yes, it does assist us cope with the sadness of losing someone that was special to us. And yes it does send those who are coping, closer attach. But as we lovingly remember this person, our words fall short of the ears that most needed to hear them. Just once I would favor apt see a festival of life,women gucci handbags, instead of a gathering of death. A party where stories are told, eyes blur over, laughter rings out; and as the spokesman concludes his alternatively her loving tribute, the human they are honoring rises from their seat and gives them the biggest bear embrace! Wouldn't that be something! The special person gets to listen the stories and come to the realization namely they have made a inconsistency above this world. And always this is done well ahead they quit their mundane bodies and work into eternity. And while the unavoidable funeral finally comes, we can say nice goodbye with the knowledge that they understood accurate how people felt about them when they were here on earth. I immediately have a stronger decide to tell those around me how many they mean to me. I am going to let my wife know just how loved and appreciated she is, not merely by my words, but likewise by my actions. I am going to play Batman with my four year age more often,Miu miu handbags, and in the medium of our romping, I am going to grab him, hug him tightly, and tell him how grateful I am that he is my son. I am going to prowl into my slumbering toddler's bedroom, place my lip on his chubby audacity, and thank God for the parcel of delight he has brought into my life. Each day I will make a point to tell either of my boys how many I love them, if they are four or eighteen! From there, I am going to let home and friends know the colossal clash they have had on my life. And final but not fewest, I am going to let the lofty ecate players I adviser know thatI look inward to each and each minute that I get to cost with them in the gym. Do you love someone? Then differentiate them! Has someone been one inspire in your life? Then give them a cry! Has someone made a difference in your life? Then write them a letter or bring them an email! Don't let dissimilar day go by without letting that person know. There is something special about a written letter that expresses feelings of love towards another. I don't know about you, yet I have letters and cards from people that I have saved for years, and from time to time, I obtain them out and reread them. They can rotate a recing day into one where you fulfil just how blessed and loved you are. Life is too short to leave variety words unsaid. The words you say,cheap hermes handbags, or the letter you write, might just make all the difference in the world.
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④ 介紹古埃及的英語小短文。初一 最好是關於拉美西斯二世的(當然也可以其他),生單詞可以有,但不要太
Ramses built more than any other pharaoh of ancient Egypt. During his reign he realized an incredible number of temples, buildings, statues and obelisks. Why did he do it? Mainly to show his power through great architectural works and to glorify his status of a living god. To reach his aim he didn』t hesitate in taking possession of more ancient monuments. He restored some of them and put on the cartouche with his name, or he enclosed them inside greater constructions built by him. Other ones, then, were dismantled and used as 「depositis」 of raw material to be used again in new architectural works. Even Chefren』s pyramid (Giza) paid the costs, from it whole blocks of granite were taken to build the base of Ptah』s Great Temple in Menfi. Even the style chosen by Ramses was used to praise his greatness: in the temples, for example, the statues of colossal sizes and the columns richly decorated with hieroglyphics a stylized drawings, were multiplied beyond measure. The walls of the temples and of the buildings, full of sacred and war representations, had to celebrate the divinities and the sovereign』s undertakings. Ramses himself went to the building sites and often he went to the quarries to choose the most beautiful stones. Some inscriptions, as the ones on the Stele of the VIII year (today in the Museum in Cairo), report words of incitement and of praise by the pharaoh to the workers. He cared a lot about them, making sure they never lacked food, clothes, sandals and abundant fresh water, so all of them could work without discomfort. Among the great projects that Ramses realized there was the one of a new capital, that would equal the pomp of the other two great crucial centers in Egypt: menfi and Tebe. Pi-Ramses (Ramses』s house) that』s how he called it, was a reality already in the fifth year of his reign and the pharaoh moved there his residence. The city was in ancient Avaris, in the oriental delta of the Nile, a place dear to him because there already was his father』s, Sethi I, summer residence. But almost certainly the choice of the place had other purposes. 「It was his family』s cradle and this was certainly the main reason. But there were also military and strategic reasons for the construction of Pi-Ramses. It was in fact on the eastern border, an area that had to be controlled because exposed to the danger of continuous invasions; moreover it was an important commercial point that connected the Egyptian world to the Asian one」. The new capital was very rich. The fields were luxuriant and proctive, the rivers full of fish and the deposits full of food. The population was made of people from various areas of the reign as Libya, Nubia, Canaan and Amurru. There were many prisoners of war, but the relations with the Egyptians were peaceful and all were prosper in those places. The glory of Pi-Ramses was obscured only when the sovereigns of the XXI dynasty, more than a century after Ramses』s death, decided to move the capital to Tanis and to give it splendor, they ravaged many buildings of the city.
譯文:
拉美西斯興建比任何其他的古埃及法老的。他在位期間,他實現了令人難以置信的廟宇數量,建築物,雕塑和方尖碑。他為什麼這樣做?主要是通過優秀的建築作品顯示他的權力和榮耀的神,他的生活狀態。為了達到自己的目的,他毫不猶豫地採取更多的古跡佔有。他恢復了其中一些,放在他的名字,他見盒內或由他建造更大的建築他們的螺旋狀圖案。其他的,然後被拆除,是「depositis原料」以前是用於新建築作品了。即使Chefren的金字塔(吉薩)支付從它的成本,整體的花崗岩塊被帶到建設的卜塔的大寺院在門菲基地。即使是由拉美西斯選擇風格是用來贊美他的偉大之處:在廟宇,例如,巨大的規模和列的雕像刻有象形文字一個性格描繪,是無法衡量的乘積。該寺廟的牆壁和建築物,神聖和戰爭交涉,不得不慶祝神靈和主權的承諾充分。拉美西斯親自到工地和他經常去採石場選擇最美麗的石頭。如在開羅博物館對第八年(今碑的碑文一些),字的報告,並通過向煽動工人法老的好評。他關心的許多信息,並確保他們從不缺少食物,衣服,涼鞋和豐富的新鮮水,所以他們都可以工作,沒有不適。其中拉美西斯意識到這是一個有新的資本之一,這將等於其他兩個偉大的埃及重要中心盛況:門菲和手部的偉大工程。丕拉姆西斯(拉美西斯的家)這就是他所謂的它,已經在他在位十五年和法老的現實,他搬到那裡居住。這座城市在古阿瓦利斯在尼羅河,給他一個親愛的東方三角洲的地方,因為那裡已經是他的父親,塞西我,夏天的住所。但幾乎可以肯定這個地方的選擇有其他用途。 「這是他家的搖籃,這是肯定的主要原因。但也有一些軍事和戰略的丕拉姆西斯建設理由。這實際上是在東部邊境,這方面必須加以控制,因為暴露在不斷入侵的危險性;而且這是一個重要的商業點,連接埃及的世界亞洲「之一。新的資本很豐富。田野鬱郁蔥蔥的生產,河流充滿了魚,食物全部存款。人口是由人從作為利比亞,努比亞,迦南和Amurru統治的各個領域。戰爭有許多犯人,但與埃及人的關系是和平與繁榮都是在這些地方。該丕拉姆西斯榮耀模糊只有在第21王朝的君主,比拉美西斯後死亡多世紀,決定遷都至塔尼斯,並給予它的輝煌,他們破壞了城市的許多建築物。
⑤ surealso旋也女裝在網上可以買到嗎
咨詢記錄 · 回答於2021-09-27
⑥ 女裝有什麼好的品牌
常見的女裝品牌有:
以杭州、廣州、深圳、上海為主導,定位國內外知名的一二線品牌女裝,兼容匯聚了溫派(溫州).漢派(武漢).京派(北京)相同層次的服裝品牌,且產品涵蓋春、夏、秋、冬應時應季女裝,高端類(凡釋,注釋,詩丹尼,LVK) 大牌類廣州卡 麗 婭服飾這些都有 (歐家貨,瑪斯菲爾,太平鳥,芭蒂娜,哥弟,艾格,芭蒂娜,梵凱,三宅一生)單品(巴寶莉,依蒙漣,凱奇呢大衣,歐米加,維絲婭水貂絨,西蘭汀貂絨,時尚9度,絲巾。
⑦ They were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire
他們也很確定:並非是煙頭導致了這場火災。
that
a
cigarette
end
did
not
start
the
fire是賓語從句,修飾sure
⑧ 要英文演講了。題目是教別人中文。給份大概的演講稿。中文稿也行。
好不容易才找到的資料,你要看看喲,其中有你想要的信息,是分點慨擴出來的
淺談中西交際用語的差異
中文摘要
隨著我國社會經濟的發展,國際間的交流與合作日益密切。不同文化背景的人從事交際的過程就是跨文化交際。而語言便是進行跨文化交際最基本、也是最重要的媒介。因此,作為一名外語學習者,在語言學習的同時,也必須充分了解這種語言所承載的文化。語言與文化關系密切,這已是不可置疑的事實。語言是文化的載體,學習一門外語的過程,也是了解對象國文化背景知識的過程。掌握對象國文化背景知識的程度直接影響到一個人的語言知識的使用能力,是能否得體地運用語言的前提。本文從語言與文化的關系入手,通過簡要分析中西方日常交際用語的差異,從中揭示出中西方文化的差異。闡明語言學習即文化學習,強調注重中西方文化差異的重要性,並介紹了幾種了解英語國家背景文化知識的途徑。
關鍵詞:跨文化交際,語言與文化,中西方文化差異,克服交際障礙
On Differences of Communicative Expressions Between Chinese and Western
Abstract
With the development of our country』s economy, international exchange and cooperation becomes closer and closer. The process of communication in which people in different cultural backgrounds are engaged is Intercultural Communication. And language is the most basic and important media to intercultural communication. Therefore, as a foreign language learner we should fully understand the culture of the language. It is unquestionable that the relationship between language and culture is very close. Language is the carrier of culture. The process of learning a foreign language is also the process of understanding this country』s culture. The degree of mastering this country』s cultural background knowledge influences directly one』s capability of using the language. It is the premise of using the language properly. This paper talks about the relationship between language and culture. Then it reveals differences between the Chinese and Western culture by analyzing the differences of everyday expressions between the Chinese and Westerners. It clarifies that language learning means culture learning and emphasizes the importance of paying attention to this cultural difference. It also recommends several ways to know the culture background of English countries.
Key words: intercultural communication, language and culture, cultural differences between the Chinese and Westerners, overcoming the obstacles in communication
一、引言
近幾年來,隨著中國改革開放的不斷深入發展特別是加入WTO後,同其他國家的交往也日趨頻繁,人們開始重視與不同國家、民族之間的經濟文化交流。而不同文化背景的人從事交際的過程,就是跨文化交際。(胡文仲,1999)各民族文化有其產生的土壤,發展的歷史和群體認同的現狀。不同的地理環境,不同的歷史背景決定了不同的文化現狀。不同的文化現狀意味著不同的風俗習慣,不同的行為准則。在中國人和西方人之就存在著一道看不見摸不著的文化屏障,這道屏障導致跨文化交際者無法在交際中正確地解碼,使交際出現障礙。
語言作為跨文化交際的重要媒介,與文化有著十分密切的關系。美國語言學家羅薩莉·馬焦在其文章 Bias-Free Language: Some Guidelines談到: 「Culture shapes language and then language shapes culture.」(「語言既塑造文化,又被文化所塑造。」)[1](P91) 語言是文化的一個重要組成部分,是文化的載體,並對文化起著重要作用。語言的形成、發展和變化又受文化的影響。一方面,語言是文化的基石--沒有語言,就沒有文化。另一方面,語言受文化的影響,又反映文化。「透過一個民族的語言層面,展現在眼前的乃是這個民族絢麗多姿的文化形態,及該民族對人生的想法、思維方式、生活方式。由於文化具有鮮明的民族性,不同的民族的文化自然會迥然不同。這種文化形態上的差異不可避免地會呈現在語言上。」 [2](P82-83) 同時,文化又制約著語言的形式,不斷將自己的精髓注入到語言之中,豐富和更新著語言的文化內涵,使語言變得更加精確、縝密。總之,語言與文化相互依存,密不可分。由於語言的產生和發展,人類文化才得以產生和傳承。世界上不存在脫離語言的文化,也不存在脫離特定文化背景和內涵的語言。學習語言必須學習文化,反之亦然。
二、中西方日常交際談話中用語的差異
中西方(尤指中國與英美國家)使用兩種不同的語言——漢語和英語,它們各有反映著本身獨特的文化背景和凝重的歷史傳統,因而在語言表達上也存在著許多差異。在此著重討論,中西方語言交際中最常見的生活用語的差異。
(一) 稱呼用語的差異
正常交際的首要條件是正確、得體地稱呼對方。得體的稱呼可使雙方縮小心理距離,使交際順利進行。在中西文化中,因其語言表達方式的不同,而使其在稱呼用語上存在較大差異。
首先要注意的是:中西方姓名的排列順序不同。「中國人的稱呼以「姓」居首位,而英美人則以「名」居首位。」[3](P30) 因而中國人稱呼西方人時常常會不知不覺地用西方人的「姓」而非用他們的「名」來稱呼他們。如在看到Jim Green這個姓名時,可能將其稱呼為「Green」 或 「Mr. Jim」西方人聽了這樣的稱呼就會感到不舒服,應該是「Jim」或 「Mr. Green 」 才是正確的。
在日常交際中,中國人比較注重禮節,一般先稱呼後講話。根據對方的身份及其與自己的關系親疏以及場合的不同,使用不同的親屬稱謂和社會稱謂。其稱呼注重敬意。但是在西方,人們追求平等、親近的人際關系,不管是在正式還是非正式場合,都喜歡用名字稱呼別人(如:Tom, Joy, Peter等)。這種做法在美國人中尤為普遍,甚至初次見面就可用名字稱呼,不僅年齡相近的人之間這樣稱呼,年齡懸殊的人之間也可以這樣稱呼,一點兒也沒有不尊重的意思,甚至子女對自己的祖父母、父母也可以用名字稱呼,社會地位不同的人之間也這樣稱呼,如學生對老師、雇員對上司,老師和上司並不認為是對自己的不尊重或太隨便,相反認為自己待人友好、容易親近。由此可以看出,「中國人習慣於非對等式的稱呼類型,而西方人崇尚對等式的稱呼方式。」 [4](P53)
「中國人稱呼家庭成員、親屬或鄰居時,都可以使用親屬稱謂。」 [5](P30) 如非親屬之間,孩子對長輩稱:「叔叔」、「阿姨」、「伯伯」等;對平輩稱:「大哥」、「大姐」是常事。但是,「在英語中用於表達親屬稱謂的詞一般不用於表達非親屬關系。」 [6](P30) 如果對母語是英語的長輩稱「Uncle Green」、 「Auntie/Aunt Brown」,對方聽了可能覺得不順耳。因為在英語文化中,只有關系十分密切的情況下,才使用此類親屬稱謂,而後面不帶「姓」,只帶「名」,如「Uncle Tom」。還可以用「Mr.」 「Mrs.」 「Miss/Ms」加上姓或者直接用「Sir(先生)」「Lady(女士)」來稱呼。再則,漢語的親屬關系比較具體。最典型的如漢語中有伯父、叔父、舅父、姑父和姨父等區分,但是在英語中就用一個詞「Uncle」來表示;漢語中有姨母、姑母、伯母、嬸母、舅母等稱呼,英語也都只用 「Aunt」一詞代表;再如,漢語中的堂、表兄弟姐妹,英語中「Cousin」一詞也包含了全部的稱呼。這三個詞究竟指誰,要弄清楚當時的情景才能知道。
此外,在中國,人們的等級觀念根深蒂固,為了表示尊敬,往往會在姓的後面加上人的頭銜、社會職位等,如 「郭校長」、「楊經理」、「周局長」、「劉老師」
等稱呼。但是,「Principal Guo」、「Manager Yang」、「Bureau Director Zhou」、 「Teacher Liu」等稱呼不符合英美人的習慣。在西方,只有少數職業和職務可用於稱呼。如教授可稱Professor;醫生或有博士學位的人稱Doctor;州長和市長可稱Governor 和Major,等等。英語中這種職業/職務銜頭+姓氏的稱呼形式使用范圍狹小,用途十分有限。西方人不喜歡這樣的稱呼,認為這樣的稱呼很虛偽。
(二)打招呼用語的差異
不管是在中國還是在外國,見到朋友或熟人打聲招呼,是一種常見的禮貌行為。中西方由於文化傳統和風俗習慣的不同,因此他們在見面時打招呼 的用語和習慣也大相徑庭。
中國有濃厚的食文化,自古以來就有「民以食為天」的諺語。因此,中國人見面時喜歡用「你吃了嗎?」來和對方打招呼,但這句問候語實際上已失去了其字面上意義,不是用來詢問信息,而只是打招呼的一種方式。因此,回答「吃了」 或 「還沒有吃」均無關緊要。然而,若按字面直譯成英語「Have you had your dinner?」來問候西方人,按照其文化習俗,意味著邀請對方去吃飯;男性若問女性則表示要與對方交朋友或約會的願望。可是,中國人說這句話時,通常是沒有「邀請」和「約會」這層意思。漢語中另一種常用的打招呼語是「你去哪裡啊?」、「到哪兒去啦?」這兩句話在漢語中是打招呼的方法,而不是真想了解問人到哪裡去。所以,對方可以任意給一個回答,也毫不覺得難堪。然而,如果用同樣的方式與西方人打招呼「Where are you going?」、「Where have you been?」西方人往往會理解為是一個詢問信息的問句,會使他們感到難堪,甚至會感到生氣,他們會覺得說話者在干涉他們的私事。他們雖然嘴上不說,心裡也許會想:「Why do you ask these questions? It』s none of your business.」
另外還有一種「中國式的問候方式是看見某人在做什麼,就說什麼。」[7](P97) 例如,當中國人遇見自己認識的人在洗車,可能會這樣打招呼:「你在洗車啊?」中國人聽到這樣的打招呼覺得很自然、很正常。可是對西方人說:「You are cleaning your car, aren』t you?」他聽起來覺得很奇怪、很別扭。心裡會想:你明明看到我在洗車,還要問這樣的問題?簡直是在說廢話。
也許英美人比較講究高效率的緣故,人與人之間沒有中國人那樣熱情,在以上同樣情況下,常用的打招呼語一般比較簡單,如「Hi」、「Hello」、「How are you?」或 「Good morning!」、「Good afternoon!」、「Good evening!」等。有時也以談論天氣的方式如「It』s a nice day, isn』t it?」來和對方打招呼。然而這些問候語中國人聽起來覺得洋味太濃,覺得與對方太過生疏,一般較少使用。
(三)告別用語的差異
通常人們在進行交際時,不會不發出任何信號就突然分手或匆匆離去。離開前總會用一定的告別語,來表明自己要離開。中國人分手時通常說:「再見。」相當於英語中的「Good-bye」、「Bye-bye」。但是在說「Good-bye」、「Bye-Bye」或「再見」之前,還要說些客套話,中西方由於社會文化習俗不盡相同,告別用語也各具特色。
「在中國的告別禮儀中,人們往往把道別的原因歸於對方。」[8](P71) 例如,中國人到別人家裡做客,告別時多半會以 「我得走了,你一定很累了。」(「I』d better be going now. You must be very tired.」)或 「你明天還得早起,我該走了。」(「You will have to get up very early tomorrow. I should go now.」)等方式向主人告別。然而,「如果一個美國人去另一個美國人家裡做客,他多半找出與自己有關的理由道別,而不涉及主人一方」[9](P71),如:「Well, I』d better let you have some sleep.」(「好了,我得讓你休息了。」)、「Tomorrow, I have to get up early. I must go now.」(「明天我還得早起,我該走了。」)或者說:「I』ll have to go . Tomorrow I』ll go to work.」;「I must be say good-bye. My wife is waiting for me at home.」等等。就如Alan Maley 所說:「In typical western context the guests would usually find reasons to leave related to themselves rather than to their hosts.」 另外,也可以用「We have to say goodbye now. We enjoyed the evening very much. Thanks a lot.」(「我們得說再見了。我們今天晚上過得很愉快。多謝了。」)或「I think I』d better be leaving now. It』s very nice to have a talk with you.」(「我想我得離開了。和你聊天非常愉快。」)等略表示感謝的告別語。英美人認為這樣說,更顯得體。但是,在中國則一般不使用這樣的告別語。
按照中國人的習慣,如有客人來訪,當客人離開時,主人要把客人送到家門口。客人會對主人說:「請留步」、「不要遠送了」,主人會說:「走好」、「慢走」
之類的客套話。這些說法都無法直接譯成英語。如果用「Stay here.」、「Don』t come
any further with me ,please.」等,向英美人道別,他們會覺得十分尷尬。因為他們根本就沒有要送你太遠的意思。除非你邀請,否則別想他們會送你很遠。這並不是西方人不友好,而只是他們沒有這樣的習慣。而若對外國客人說:「Go slowly.」、「Walk slowly.」,他們的反應很可能是:「Why should I walk slowly?」 (「為什麼我要慢走?」)。外國人把「Go slowly.」 、「Walk slowly.」看成是種要求,事實上,它只不過是中國人告別時所使用的一種極為普通的表達方式。在此類情況下,英美人常常將客人送到門口並且說:「Do come around again when you have time.」(「有空再來。」) 或「Give my best regards to your parents.」(「替我問候你的父母。」)
此外,當中國學生向老師請教問題,問題解決後,中國學生離開前可能會這么向老師告別:「對不起,浪費您這么多的時間,我該走了。」這本是一句自謙的客套話, 只是表示對老師的尊重。但若這名老師是西方人,他/她就會覺得尷尬。
他/她會認為,在你心裡,他/她的幫忙只是在做一些無用的事而已。他/她會覺得很不高興,以後也不會再幫助你了。其實在這時,中國學生只需說:「Thank you for your help! I think I should go now. Goodbye!」就可以了。
(四)對於贊揚和恭維的應答差異
「英美人的思維模式多為直線型,喜歡直接表達;而中國人的思維模式大多為螺旋型,喜歡委婉含蓄的表達。」[10](P49)因此,在與中國人進行交際時,外國人常常吃驚地發現,當他們贊揚或恭維中國人的時候,中國人總是不知所措,過於謙卑或貶低自己,甚至反復地予以否認,而不會像外國人那樣很坦然地用語言表示感謝。
例如,當有人稱贊你說:「That』s a beautiful dress you have on!」(「你穿的衣服真漂亮!」)謙虛的中國人很可能會說:「No, no, it』s just a very ordinary dress.」(「不,不,它只是一件很普通的衣服。」)或 「No. In fact I』ve worn it for several years.」(「不,事實上我已經穿了好幾年了。」)再如,當別人贊揚、恭維你的能力或技巧時,如「Oh, your English is really good.」(「你的英語真棒。」)、「Your handwriting is very beautiful.」(「你的書法真漂亮。」)。對於這兩句恭維話,不管是否與事實相符,中國人通常也會否定對方的恭維而可能說:「Well, it』s just so so.」(「一般而已。」)、「No, you flatter me.」(「不,你過獎了。」);甚至有的還會用這樣的話來貶低自己:「Oh, no. My English is very poor. I must study hard.」(「哦,不,我的英語不好。我還必須努力。」)、「No, no, not at all. You are joking.」(「不,不,一點兒也不漂亮,你是開玩笑吧。」)。相反,西方人卻通常公開地表示接受這種贊揚和恭維,會大大方方的說一句:「Thank you!」表明自己認為對方的贊揚是誠心誠意的,所贊揚的事是值得贊揚的。
在以上的情況里,由於西方人不太了解中國以謙虛為美德的傳統文化,對於中國人謙虛的回答常常無法接受,認為中國人很不禮貌。而且有時還會把中國人這種過分的謙虛理解為不誠實的表現。因此,應該了解英美人對贊揚與恭維的應答的習慣,以避免中西方交際過程中不必要的誤會的產生。
(五)餐桌上用語的差異
中西方在請客吃飯上的文化差異也要注意,否則會引起笑話。
中國人熱情好客,請客吃飯時一般都是菜餚滿桌,但無論菜多麼豐盛,嘴上總要謙虛的說:「沒什麼好吃的,菜做得不好,隨便吃點。」然而,當英美人聽到這樣的客套話,會覺得很反感:「沒什麼吃的,又何必請我?菜做得不好,又為什麼要拿來招待我?」。按照中國的習俗,為了表示禮貌,習慣上會一再勸客人多吃點,而中國人往往是「言不由衷」,明明肚子餓,嘴上卻說:「我飽了,不用了。」;直到主人一請再請,才慢條斯理地「恭敬不如從命」。而英美人招待客人一般沒那麼講究,簡簡單單三四道菜就可以了。用餐時,一般主人會說:「Help yourself, please!」(「請吃。」即你想吃什麼就吃什麼。)英美人待客尊重個人意志,講究實事求是,一再問客人要不要食物或強塞食物給客人,是很不禮貌的。所以,當主人給你添菜或問你要什麼時,如:「Would you like another piece of meat pie?」(「想再來一塊肉餡餅嗎?」),如果你想吃的話,可以直截了當地回答:「Yes, please!」或「Thank you. A piece of meat pie.」倘若你確實什麼也不想吃,只需簡單地說:「No. Thank you.」就可以了。而客人在用餐期間,一定要贊美主人所准備的食物好吃,稱贊主人的手藝好,否則不管你吃得多飽,主人都會不高興。典型的英語客套話是:
客人:It』s delicious.(味道好極了。)/ This meat is beautifully tender.(這肉鮮嫩可口。)
主人:Thank you. I』m glad you like it. (謝謝,我很高興你喜歡吃。)
有些不了解英美人習慣的中國人,到英美人家裡做客,也客氣一番,結果他們請你一遍,至多兩遍,便以為你真的不想吃。英美人第二次的問法經常是:「Are you sure? It』s no trouble.」(「真的不要嗎?一點也不麻煩的。」) 注意,這可是最後一請,如果你再客氣,只好去喝西北風了。此外,英美人認為菜吃不完留在盤子里,是很不文明的行為,所以寧可第一次少要一些,吃不飽,可大大方方地跟主人說:」Oh, this is delicious.」(「哦,這真好吃啊。」)並再要些剛才吃過的菜,主人對你欣賞他們的菜,會感到很高興。
(六)話題選擇的差異
跨文化交際通常是通過說話的交往方式來進行的。許多外語學習者也很想和外國人交流來練習英語,然而,由於他們不會選擇恰當的話題,常常會遭到外國人的拒絕。
中國人私下談話中,即使是初次見面,往往也喜歡把年齡大小、家庭情況、家庭地址、身體狀況、工資收入、婚姻狀況等當作交談的內容,以示對對方的關心。然而,所有這些在西方人看來都是個人隱私。在西方國家,「特別強調對個人私生活的保護與尊重,認為打聽別人的事是很不得體的行為。」[11](P55) 就如英語的一句諺語所說:A man』s home is his castle.意思是:一個人的家即是他的城堡,是神聖不可侵犯的。西方人並不了解:「幾千年來,中國人絕大部分都住在鄉村,少數住在小城市,他們聚族而居,經常見面彼此關照,幾乎無話不談。」[12](P87) 而這些現象在西方的工業社會里卻很少見,人們獨立意識強,互不幹涉、很注重隱私。不管是城市裡還是在農村,都是 「Good fences makes good neighbor.(好籬笆創造出好鄰居。)」( Robert Frost)因此,當與英美人進行交談時,要選擇適當的話題,避免問一些諸如:「Where are you from?」、「How old are you?」、「 How many children do you have?」、「 Are you married?」、 「How much do you earn?」、「 What religion do you believe in?」、「 How much is your watch?」、「 Where did you buy your shoes?」等問題,以免使西方人覺得個人隱私受到侵犯,或感情受到傷害。在西方,人們一起聊天的起始話題是天氣情況,因為英美國家天氣多變,且對人們的生活工作有很大的影響。另外,天氣是中性話題,無論怎麼談都不涉及對方的隱私。除天氣外,英美人常說的話題還有運動、工作、學習、興趣愛好、假期安排、國際局勢、電影/電視節目等。在與英美人進行交流時,可以選擇以上話題,相信會有不小的收獲。
三、學習對象國背景文化知識,克服跨文化交際障礙
從以上的分析可以看出語言和文化是緊密聯系的,中西文化中存在很大的差異,且這些文化差異對跨文化交際有著重要作用與影響。要想在跨文化交際中排除文化差異障礙,獲得交際的成功,必須注重學習、掌握對象國的背景文化知識。筆者認為可以通過以下方法來加強對英語國家背景文化知識的了解,以克服在跨文化交際中產生的障礙。
(一)明確語言與文化的關系,樹立語言學習即文化學習的理念
語言是進行跨文化交際最主要的工具。語言反應文化,文化又滲透於語言之中,語言與文化是互相聯系的統一體。(高寶虹)語言和文化的關系如此密切,那麼可以毫不誇張地認為:不了解一門語言所具有的文化,就無法正確的理解、掌握和運用這門語言。因此,在學習英語本身的語法、詞法、句法、篇章結構等語言規則的同時,也要注意有關英語國家文化背景知識的學習。
(二)博覽群書,積累目的語的背景文化知識
對絕大多數人來說,了解英語國家的文化知識,主要靠間接地閱讀有關的材料。平時可以多讀一些英語現代文學作品、英語原版小說,多看英語報紙(如China Daily, Times)和英語雜志(如英語世界、英語學習等),多閱讀一些介紹西方國家背景文化知識的文章和書籍。此外在閱讀此類書籍、報刊、雜志的同時,也要留心和積累有關民族習性、社會習俗、社會關系、價值觀念、思維模式等方面的材料,不斷學習和積累英語國家的背景文化知識。
(三)多觀看英文電影、電視和錄像,以吸收異國文化
外語學習者可以通過有選擇地觀看一些有意義的英文電視、電影和錄像,更直觀地感受英語國家的文化。比如,想了解美國的家庭可以選擇看《成長的煩惱》Growing Pains the 1st Season;想了解社會文化,可以看由北京大學出版社出版的《走遍美國》。在看影片時,要注意片中人物對話的內容、說話的方式、日常生活的情景,觀察人物的姿態、表情、行為動作等語言以外的交際手段。注意從影片所顯示的內容尋找、收集有關文化知識的各個方面。
(四)積極進行英文思維,從語言中更好地理解對象國文化
中西不同民族,因其文化背景的差異,具有的不同的思維方式。而一個民族的思維方式又在該民族的語言中得到廣泛而深刻的反映。因此,可以在學習、使用英語語言的同時,積極進行英文思維,並更深入了解語言背後所具有的文化。如:想用英語表達「上星期五在劇院門口, 我碰到了多年未見的高中同學」,使用英文的直線型思維,即在表達思想時,直截了當,要點放在句首,再進行各項補充。因此,可清楚知道應該將之表達成「I met with my high-school classmate at the entrance of the theatre last Friday, whom I hadn't seen for years.」進而更深入挖掘,了解到形成這種思維方式主要是因為:在西方,「資本主義自由競爭制度形成了弱肉強食的社會風尚,這使有本事的強人得到尊崇,而缺乏自信的人得不到重用」[13](P30) ,從而形成了西方人直率的性格,喜歡直接表達。如果外語學習者能在閱讀英文書籍或使用英語進行交流的時候,使用英文思維,不但能更好地掌握正確的英語表達方式,而且更易於掌握、理解英語國家的背景文化。
(五)對文化差異進行比較和分類收集,以利於學習、記憶
外語學習者可以在學習、掌握異國文化傳統、風俗習慣、風土人情、價值觀念、思維方式等有關知識的基礎上,分析其與本族文化的差異,這樣可以同時對異國文化和本國文化有更清晰的認識與理解。如:在了解到西方聖誕節的一些風俗習慣,如聖誕老人贈送禮物、聖誕假期、聖誕晚餐、家庭聚會等時,可以同時與中國人過春節的習慣,如拜年、給壓歲錢、放寒假、吃團圓飯等加以比較,更好的了解聖誕節、春節的不同習俗及其對西方人、中國人的意義。再如:西方人擁有以自我為中心的個人主義價值觀,而中國人則是以集體主義為中心的價值觀,比較後可以了解到,與中國人相比,西方人更注重自己的隱私的保護。同時,還可以對文化差異進行分類收集,以便於識記與應用。例如,在語言表達方式的習慣上,中國人常會根據自身的習慣而使用這樣的一些成語:笑掉大牙(to laugh off one』s teeth),揮金如土(to spend money like sand),對牛彈琴(cast pearls before cattle)等等。這些成語中國人看得懂,而不同文化背景的西方人則會覺得很奇怪。這是不了解英語的背景文化知識的緣故。英語正確的說法是:to laugh off one』s head, to spend money like water, cast pearls before swine。如果外語學習者能把此類成語歸納起來,不僅能方便於學習、記憶,還能學到不少的典故和傳說,更好地理解英語國家的文化。
⑨ 哪位帥哥美女可以告訴我初中生必背英語單詞啊片語也要!!!拜託拜託了,我英語超差的。
A
Aact upon each other 相互作用
adapt oneself to 使自己適應……
a few (表示肯定)有些,幾個
a great quantity of (接可數或不可數)大量
a good deal of (接不可數名詞)許多,大量
a large amount of (接不可數名詞)大量
a little (表示肯定)一些,一點點
a lotof (接可數、不可數名詞) 大量的,許多
a number of (接可數名詞)若干,許多
above all 首先,首要,尤其是
after all 畢竟,終究
ahead of 在…前面,先於
all but 幾乎,差一點;除了…都
all of a sudden 忽然
all over 到處,遍及;全部結束。
all right 令人滿意的;(健康)良好的; 好,行,可以
in all 總共,共計
all the same 仍然,照樣地;
all the time 一直,始終
and so on 等等
apart from 除…之外(別無);除…之外(尚有)
a plenty of 許多,大量
as…as… 像,如同,與…一樣
as far as 遠到;就…而言,至於
as follows 如下
as for 至於,關於
ask for leave 請假
as long as 只要,如果;既然,由於
as soon as 一…就,剛…便
as though 好像,彷彿
as to 至於,關於
as usual 照例,像平常一樣-
as well 也,又
as well as 除…之外(也),既…又
ask for 請求,要求
at a loss 困惑不解,茫然不知所措
at all (用於否定句)絲毫(不),一點(不)
at all costs 不惜任何代價,無論如何
at all events 不管怎樣,無論如何
at any rate - 無論如何,至少
at ease 舒適(地),安逸(地)
at first 最初,起先
at hand 近在手頭,在附近
at last 終於
at least 至少
at most 至多,不超過
at no time 從不,決不
at once 馬上,立刻;同時,一起
at present 目前,現在
at the cost of 以…為代價
at the moment 此刻,目前
at the same time 同時;然而,不過
at the sight of 一看見…就
B
back and forth (前後)來回地,反復地
back up 支持;倒退
be described as 被描寫成
be in favor of 支持
be made up of 由…組成,由…構成
be short of 缺少,不足;未達到
bear..in mind 記住(某事)
because of 因為,由於
before long 不久以後
be worth doing sth 值得做某事
beyond the question 毫無疑問,確定無疑
both...and.. 既…又…,不但…而且
break down 損壞,拋錨
break in 破門(窗)而入;打斷,插嘴
break into 強行闖進
break off -中斷,中止
break one's leave ;超假
break out (戰爭等)爆發;使逃脫,使逃走
break through 突破,突圍
break up 打碎;終止,結束
bring about 帶來,引起,導致
bring forward 提出(建議等)
bring in to effect 使生效,實行
brmgin to operation …實施;使運行
bring out 使…顯示出來;出版
bring up 教育,培養
build up 逐步建立、增強,增進
but for 倘沒有,要不是
by accident 偶然
by air 通過航空途徑;用無線電
by all means 盡一切辦法,務必
by and by 不久,遲早
by chance 偶然,碰巧
by far …得多,最(修飾比較級和最高級)
by means of 用,憑借
by mistake 錯誤地,無意中(做了某件錯事)
by no means 決不,並沒有
by oneself 單獨地,獨自地
by the way 順便地,附帶地說說
by way of 經過,經由;通過…的方法
C
call for 要求,需要;邀請 call off 取消
call on 訪問,拜訪;呼籲,號召
call up 打電話;召集
cannot help doing 禁不住,忍不住
capable of 有…能力(或技能)的;能…的
cannot..too..越…越好,再…也不過分
care forr 照顧,照料;喜歡
carry forward 發揚;進行
carry off 拿走,奪去…的生命
carry on 繼續
carry out ,執行,貫徹;進行(到底)
catch sight of 看到,發現
catch up with 趕上
clleck in 辦理登記手續,報到
check out 結賬後離開,辦妥手續離開
cheer up 高興起來,振作起來
clear up 清理;使變清;放晴
come around 蘇醒;順便來訪
come in handy for sth 某物遲早有用
come on (表勸說,鼓勵等)來吧,走吧;開始
come out 出版,發表;顯現,出現;結果是
come through 經歷…仍活著
come to 蘇醒;共計,達到
come to an end 結束
come true 實現
come up 出現,走上前來
come up with 追上,趕上;提出
compare..to 把…比作,把…與…比較
count for little 輕視
count on 依靠,指望
cut down 砍倒;消減;縮短
cut in 打斷,插嘴;(汽車)超車搶檔
cut off 切掉;切斷;阻隔
cut out 刪掉,割去
cut short 縮短, 刪節
D
deal with 做買賣;處理;論述,涉及
decide on 考慮後選定或決定
die down 變弱,逐漸消失
die out 消失,滅絕
doawaywith 廢除,去掉
do..a favour 幫助某人
draw in (火車、汽車)進站
araw up 起草,制訂
dream of 夢到;夢想,嚮往
dress up 穿上盛裝,精心打扮
drop in 順便(非正式)訪問
drop out 退學,退出
e to 由於,因為
E
each other 互相(多用作賓語)
elther...or 或…或,不是…就是…
end up 結束,告終
even if/though 即使,雖然
every now and then 時而,偶爾
every other 每隔一個
except for 除了…外
F
face to face 面對面(的)地;對立地
fail to do.. 沒能做…
G
get across 使通過;使被理解
get along 過活;相處(with);進展
get down 從…下來;著手進行;寫下
get into 對…發生興趣;捲入;進入
get off (從…)下來;逃脫懲罰
get on 騎上(馬、自行車等),登上(車、船、飛機等);有進展
get on with 與…友好相處;繼續干
get out 離去,退出(組織等);(消息等) 泄漏
get over 克服(困難等);從(疾病、失望、震驚等)中恢復過來
get rid of 處理掉;擺脫
get through 完成;打通電話;通過(考試)
get up 起床;起立
give in 屈服;讓步
give off 發出或放出(蒸氣等)
give out 分發;發出(氣味等)
give up 放棄;投降
give way to 讓位於;給…讓路
go after 追逐,追求;設法得到
go ahead 開始,進行;前進,領先
go along with 贊同,附合,支持
go around (消息)流傳;足夠分配
go down 下去;(船等)下沉;下降
go for 去請,去取;贊成
go in for 從事於;酷愛;追求
go into 進入;調查;從事
go into action 開始行動
go into effect 實施,生效
go on 繼續下去,進行
go out 熄滅,停止運轉;過時
go over 檢查;復習
go through 遭受,經歷;檢查,審查
go up 上升,(物價等)上漲;被炸毀,被燒毀
go wrong 出錯;發生故障,出毛病
grow up 成熟;成年;發展
H
had better 應該,還是…好
had rather...than 寧願…(而不是)
hand in 交上;遞上
hand out 分發,散發
hand over 交出,移交
hang on 抓緊不放;堅持下去;(電話不掛) 等一會兒
hang up 把…掛起來;掛斷(電話)
have an advantage over 勝於,優於
have in mind 記在心裡;考慮到,想到
have nothing to do with 和…毫無關系
have (something)to do with和…(有點)關系
head for 朝…方向走去
help oneself 自取所需(食物等)
hold back 躊躇,退縮不前;阻止
hold sth back from sb 向某人隱瞞某事
hold on 握住不放;堅持;(打電話用語) 等一會兒
hold on to 緊緊抓住;控制,剋制
hold up 舉起;耽擱;延遲
hurry up (使)趕快;匆匆完成
hurt one's feelings 傷害某人感情
I
if only 只要;要是…就好
in a hurry 急於,忙於
in a sense 從某種意義上
in a way 在某種程度上,從某一點上看
in a word 簡而言之,一句話
in addition to 除…之外(還)
in advance 預先,事先
in any case 無論如何,不管怎樣
in brief 簡單地說
in case of 假如,如果發生;防備
in charge of 負責,主管
in common 共有的,共用的
in debt 欠債
in detail 詳細的
in effect 實際上,事實上
in fact 事實上,其實
in favour of 支持,贊成
in front of 在…前面
in general 一般說來,大體上
in half 成兩半
in honour of 為向…表示敬意;為紀念,為慶祝
in no case 無論如何不,決不
in no time 立即,馬上
in no way 決不
in one's mind eye 在…看來
in order 按順序;整齊
in order to 為了(做某事)
in other words 換句話說,也就是說
in part 部分地
in particular 特別,尤其
in person 親自
in proportion to 與…成比例
in public 公開地,當眾
in question 正在談論的
in relation to 有關,涉及
in return (for) 作為(對…的)回報、交換
in short 簡言之,總之
in sighI 看得見,在視線之內;在望
in spite of 不管,不顧
in that 因為
in the course of 在…期間,在…過程中
in the end 最後,終於
in the face of 在…前面;不管,即使
in the future 在將來
in the way 擋道,妨礙某人
in time 及時;最後,終於
in touch 聯系,接觸
in turn 依次地,輪流地;轉而,反過來
in vain 徒勞,白費力
in stead of .替代,而不是
J
just now 剛才,才不久;現在,眼下
join in 參加,加入;和…在一起
K
keep an eye on 留意,照看
keep in mind 記住
keep in touch with 與…保持聯系
keep it up 堅持
keep on 繼續進行,反復地做
keep one's word 守信用
keep sth inone's mind 牢記某事
keep to 堅持;固守(習慣等)
keep up with 跟上,不落後
kill off 消滅,殺光
knock down 撞倒;擊倒
knock out (拳擊中)擊倒,擊昏
L
laugh at 因…而發笑;嘲笑
lay aside 把…擱置一旁;留存,儲存
lay down 放下;鋪設(鐵路);制定(計劃等)
lay out 布置,安排,設計;擺出,展開
lead to 通向;導致,引起
1earn by heart 記住,背誦
learn from 學習,向…學習
leave behind 丟棄;留下;忘記攜帶
leave off (使)停止,停下來
leave out 忽略,遺漏;省略
1et alone 更別提;不打擾
let off 排放;放(炮),開(槍)
let out 放掉(水等),發出
lie in 在於
line up 排隊,使排成一行
little (表示否定,不可數)沒多少
little by little 一點一點地,逐漸地
live on 靠…生活;以…為食
live through 經歷過;度過;經受住
live up to 無愧於;做到;符合
long before 在…以前很久
long for 渴望
look after 目送;照料,照顧
look at 看;看待
look back 回頭看;回顧
look down on/upon 蔑視,看不起
look for 尋找,尋求;指望,期待
look forward to 盼望,期待;預期,預料
look into 觀察;調查;查閱
look on 旁觀;觀看
look out 留神,注意
look over 仔細檢查,細看;察看,巡視
look throuSh (從頭至尾)瀏覽;詳盡核查;溫習
lay out 布置,安排,設計;擺出,展開
lead to 通向;導致,引起
1earn by heart 記住,背誦
learn from 學習,向…學習
leave behind 丟棄;留下;忘記攜帶
leave off (使)停止,停下來
leave out 忽略,遺漏;省略
1et alone 更別提;不打擾
let off 排放;放(炮),開(槍)
let out 放掉(水等),發出
lie in 在於
line up 排隊,使排成一行
little (表示否定,不可數)沒多少
little by little 一點一點地,逐漸地
live on 靠…生活;以…為食
live through 經歷過;度過;經受住
live up to 無愧於;做到;符合
long before 在…以前很久
long for 渴望
look after 目送;照料,照顧
look at 看;看待
look back 回頭看;回顧
look down on/upon 蔑視,看不起
look for 尋找,尋求;指望,期待
look forward to 盼望,期待;預期,預料
look into 觀察;調查;查閱
look on 旁觀;觀看
look out 留神,注意
look over 仔細檢查,細看;察看,巡視
look throuSh (從頭至尾)瀏覽;詳盡核查;溫習
M
make a Fire 生火
make for 走向,向…前進;導致,促成
make funof 嘲笑;開…玩笑
make one's way 去,前進,前往
make out 寫出,開列;看出,辨認出
make sense 講得通,有意義,言之有理
make sure 查明,務必要做到
make up 組成,構成;編造,虛構;化妝
make up for 補償,彌補
make upone's mind 下定決心,打定主意
make use of 使用,利用
mix up 拌和;混淆
more or less 或多或少,左右;有點兒
N
neither...nor... 既不…也不…
no doubt 無疑地
no less than 不少於,多達
no longer . 不再,已不
no more 不再
no more than 不多於,至多
no sooner...than 一…就
not only...but also 不但…而且
nothing but 只有;只不過
now and then 時而,不時
now that 既然,由於
O
of course 當然,自然
off ty 下班
on a small/large scale 小(大)規模地
on account of 由於,因為
on average 、 平均;通常;普通
on board 在船(或車、飛機等)上
on business 因公出差
on ty 值班,當班
on earth 究竟,到底
on foot 步行
on guard 站崗,警戒
on occasion(s) 有時,間或
on one's own 獨立地,靠自己地
on purpose 故意,有目的地
on sale 出售;廉價出售
on the contrary 正相反
on the one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
on the spot 在現場,當場
on the whole 總的來說,大體上
on time — 准時
once again 再一次
once in a while 偶爾
once upon a time 從前
once more 再一次,又一次
one another 相互
one...the other 一個…另一個…
open fire 開火
or else 否則,要不然
or so 大約,左右
other than 不同於;除了
out of 在…外;離開…;缺乏
out of breath 喘不過氣來
out of control 失去控制
out of date 過時的,不用的
out of doors 在戶外
out of order 出故障;秩序混亂
out of place 不在適當的位置;不相稱的 格格不入
our of sight 看不見,在視野之外
out of the question 毫不可能
out of work 失業
over and over 一再地,再三地
P
pass away 去世
pass On 把…傳給別人
pay attention to 注意
pay back 償還(借款等);回報
pay for 付款;償還
pay off 還清(債款);取得成功
pick out 選出,挑出;辨認出,分辨出
pick up 撿起;(車等)中途搭人;學會
play apart (in) (在…中)扮演角色;(在…中) 起作用
play fire ,玩火
point out 指出,指明
prior to 在前,居先,比…在先
pull in (車)進站;(船)到岸
pull into (車等)進入,駛入
pull out 拔出,抽出;(車、船等)駛出
put aside 儲存,保留
put away 把…收起,放好
put down 記下;放下;鎮壓
put forward 提出(要求、事實等)
put into practice 實行,實施
put off 推遲,拖延
put on 穿上;上演
put out 熄滅;關(燈);公布,出版
put to use 使用
put up 舉起;建造;張貼
put up with 忍受,容忍(討厭的人)
Q
quite a few 相當多,不少
R
rather than 寧願…(而不);不是…(而是)
refer to...as 把…稱作;把…當作
regardless of 不顧,不惜
remind sb of sth 提醒某人某事
result from 是(由)…造成
result in 起,導致;結果是
nght away 立即,馬上
ring off 掛斷電話;停止講話
ring up 打電話
rob sb of... 搶劫某人…
run into 偶然碰見;遇到(困難等);共計
run to (of) 用完,耗盡
run over (跑)過去、撞倒;溢出
run through 跑著穿過;刺穿;貫穿
S
see...off 為某人送行
see...through. 看破、看穿
see to 負責,注意,照料
send for 派人去請;召喚;索取
send off 寄出;為…送行;解僱
set about 開始,著手
set a fire to… 給…燒把火
set apart 使分離;使顯得突出
set aside 留出,撥出;不理會,置於一邊
set back 推遲,延緩,阻礙;使花費
set down . 制訂…;放下…
Set free 釋放
set off 出發,起程;激起,引起
set out 動身,起程;開始
set up 創立,建立,為…作好准備; 豎起,建造
settle down 定居;安下心來
show off 炫耀,賣弄
show up 來到,露面
side by side 肩並肩地,一起
slow down/up 放慢速度;減速
so...as to 如此…以至於
so far 迄今為止;到這種程度
so/as far as...(be) concerned 就…而言
so long as 只要,如果;既然,由於
some…others... 一些..其餘的…
sooner or later 遲早,早晚,或遲或早
no sooner...than 一…就…
stand for 是…的縮寫,代表,意味著;主張,支持
stand out 引人注目;傑出,出色
stand up 起立;(論點、證據等)站得住腳
stick to 粘貼在…上;緊跟,緊隨;堅持;忠於;信守
such as 例如,諸如
sum up 總結,概括
switch off/on .(用開關)關掉/開啟
T
take...for 把…認為是,把…看成是
take advantage of 利用,趁…之機
take after (在外貌、性格方面)與(父、母)相像
take apart 拆卸,拆開
take away 拿走;減去
take down 取下;記下;拆卸
take for 把…認為是,把…看作是
take for granted 認為—.—理所當然;(因視作當然而) 對…不予以重視
take in 欺騙;領會,理解
take into account 把…考慮進去
take off 脫下(衣帽等);起飛
take on 承擔,呈現(面貌)
take one's time 不著急,不慌忙
take out 扣除
take over 接受,接管;借用,承襲
take part in 參加,參與
take place 發生,進行,舉行
take the place of 代替,取代
take turns 依次,輪流
take up 開始從事;佔去,占據
tell...from 辨別,分辨
the moment (that) 一…(就)
thanks to 由於,多虧
think of 想到,記得;想一想,考慮,關心
think of...as 把…看作是,以為…是
think over 仔細考慮
throw away 扔掉,拋棄
to a certain degree/extent某種程度
to the point 切中要害,切題
touch on 談及,提及
try on 試穿
try one's best 盡力,努力
try out 試用,試驗
turn down 拒絕;關小,調低
turn in 上床睡覺;交還,上交
turn...into 使變成,使成為
turn off 關(水源等);拐彎
turn on 開,旋開(電燈等)
turn one's back on 不理睬
turn out 關掉(收音機等);生產,製造;驅逐;結果是
turn over 仔細考慮
turn to 變成;求助於,藉助於
turn up 出現,來到;開大,調大
U
under control 處於控制之下
undergo experiences 經歷,體驗
under the circumstances 在這種情況下,(情況)既然如此
up to (數量上)多達;(時間上)直到; 取決於
up to date 現代化的,切合目前情況的
use up 用完,耗盡
W
wait for 等候,等待
wait on 服侍(某人)
warm up (使)暖起來;(使)變熱
wash up 洗餐具;洗手洗臉
watch out for 密切注意;戒備,提防
wear out 穿破,用壞;(使)疲乏,(使)耗盡
What about...? (徵求意見時)怎麼樣?
What if...? 如果…將來會怎麼樣?
whether...or 是…還是…,不管…還是
wipe out 徹底摧毀,消滅
with regard to 關於,至於
within reach 伸手可及
with respect to 關於,至於
with the exception of 除…之外
without question 毫無疑問,毫無異議
work out 算出;想出,制定出
would rather(…than) 寧可,寧願(…則不願)
71回
⑩ i will also make sure I write P.R. China 請問是什麼意思,謝謝了
我也一定會確保自己寫的是「P.R.China"(中華人民共和國)。